Morpho-functional mechanisms of hemostasis and early recovery processes in tissues after traumatic injuries in sports

Relevance. The high level of competition in modern professional sports prompts us to look for new effective methods to accelerate the recovery of athletes after receiving severe traumatic injuries inevitable in competitive activity, often accompanied by blood loss. The relevance of the problem is due to a wide range of potential complications of severe hemorrhagic injuries, a significant duration of their treatment and rehabilitation. In these conditions, the athlete is forced to leave the training and competitive processes, for a long time does not receive effective physical exertion and as a result is detrained. To solve this problem, modern sports medicine is developing in the direction of finding new highly effective technologies to radically reduce the duration of treatment and rehabilitation of hemorrhagic injuries in existing athletes. In recent years, the attention of scientists around the world has been attracted by the phenomenon of functional polymodality of platelets, non-nuclear blood elements that are directly actively involved in triggering the cascade process of blood clot formation (hemostatic thrombus) at the site of alteration (damage) of the vascular wall, followed by the initiation of the exudative and proliferative stages of reactive inflammation. As a result, in the area of injury with the participation of platelets, not only bleeding stops (hemostasis), but also a full restoration of the structural and functional integrity of damaged cells and tissues (reparative regeneration). The objective of this review is to highlight some of the subtle aspects of the implementation of the mechanism of functional polymodality of platelets in providing hemostasis in the field of hemorrhagic trauma and the associated mechanism of reparative regeneration of damaged cells and tissues with the participation of relatively recently discovered platelet growth factors. The review addresses selected issues of origin, ultrastructural anatomy and platelet function in providing both the hemostasis system and at successive stages of post-traumatic recovery.