Scientific and Technological Progress and the Transformation of the Human: A Philosophical Analysis of Transhumanism and Posthumanism

This article examines transhumanism and posthumanism as key trends in contemporary philosophical discourse on science and technology, shaping the horizons of a posthuman future. The relevance of this study stems from the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, which challenges traditional notions of human nature and the limits of its transformation. The originality of the work lies in its comparative analysis of the transhumanist project – rooted in the Enlightenment’s rationalist ethos and aimed at the radical expansion of human capacities – and the posthumanist perspective, which problematizes anthropocentrism and emphasizes the ontological inseparability of the human and the nonhuman. Particular attention is given to the philosophy of science as a space where technooptimistic scenarios for overcoming biological limitations (S. Young, M. More, R. Kurzweil, N. Bostrom) intersect with critiques of universalist models of subjectivity (K. Hayles, R. Braidotti, F. Ferrando). The article argues for the need to develop new philosophical approaches to progress that move beyond linear paradigms and account for the multiplicity, relationality, and vulnerability inherent in posthuman existence.