Neolithic burials in the Zelinda river mouth, Northern Angara: burial practices and radiocarbon chronology

We describe new findings relating to Neolithic burials at two cemeteries in the Northern Angara area, excavated in 2012 by the Boguchany archaeological expedition. The sites are located at the outlet of the Zelinda - the right tributary of the Angara. Two burials were revealed at Ust-Zelinda-1, and five at Ust-Zelinda-2. We describe preserved remains and funerary rite, and analyze radiocarbon dates generated from human bones. On the basis of archaeological parallels, we attribute certain burials to the Isakovo culture. Burial practices include the use of ocher and the supine position of the buried along the Angara, heads upstream of the site. Calibrated radiocarbon dates, details of the funerary rite, grave goods and their typological characteristics, as well as the placement of graves within the cemeteries, suggest that three chronological groups existed within the 7499-5583 cal BP (5550-3634 cal BC) interval. The 14C date of the third group (5718-5583 cal BP, or 3769-3634 cal BC), details offunerary rite, and grave goods are indicative of the Late Neolithic (Isakovo culture of the Southern Angara). Burials of the second group, which is the best represented (7157-6555 cal BP, or 5208-4606 cal BC), resemble those of the classical Isakovo tradition. The burial (without grave goods) attributed to the first chronological group dates to 7499-7317 cal BP, or 5550-5368 cal BC. It is hypothesized that "proto-Isakovo” traditions originated on the Northern Angara, having later spread to the Southern Angara.