Neologisms in modern English

Автор: Erdanova S.A., Islamova T.R.

Журнал: Форум молодых ученых @forum-nauka

Статья в выпуске: 3 (31), 2019 года.

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The emergence of neologisms is a direct evidence of the viability of language, its desire to express the wealth of human knowledge and the progress of civilization.

English, neologisms, english vocabulary, phraseological expressions

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/140286030

IDR: 140286030

Текст научной статьи Neologisms in modern English

Neologisms were born a long time ago, the appearance of many of them are attributed to William Shakespeare, but as you know, if something appeared, then someone needs it. Thanks to the development of language, culture and society, there are so many of them that an attempt to count will not be possible. Neologisms help to trace and feel all the beauty of the language that he wants to show, its ability to adapt to the modern world. Our age, filled with wires and web of Internet networks, makes it possible to communicate to all people of the Earth, which was the reason for the extensive growth of the language, such words every day more and more, but having passed the mandatory stages of approval of society and consolidation in the lexicon, they become public words and expressions.

Russian linguist V. I. Zabotkina divides neologisms into phonological, borrowing, semantic and syntactic. Having understood their classification and delving into the material, we can distinguish two types of emerging from the above are morphological and phraseological types. Morphological still subdivided into affixal (suffixal and prefixal), structure, convection, reduction.

Classification values of neologisms:

  • 1)    Phonological neologisms appear due to a combination of individual sounds. They look like a unique addition of sounds, often using onomatopoeic interjections. In literature, such words are called "artificial" or "invented". New forms and types of sounds are sometimes combined with morphemes of Greek or Latin origin, such as: perfol plastic film, acryl, perlon (synthetic materials).

To the group of phonological neologisms, we conventionally include new words formed from interjections, for example:

"zizz" — means a short sleep (simulates the sounds produced by a sleeping person, often used in comics with three letters zzz).

"sis-boombah" — spectacular sports, constant dynamics of the game.

"to buzz (call on the phone)" — from imitation work telephone buzzer.

"to diddy-bop" — strange gait, with dance.

"qwerty" is the designation of one of the Latin layouts used for the English language (a combination of keys following each other on the keyboard in the upper row).

  • 2)    Borrowing is another way to replenish vocabulary with new words. English does not cease to be replenished by borrowing, but significantly lowering the pace than it was in the middle ages and the Renaissance. And from the language of the recipient, it became the language of the donor. This happened due to the fact that in the twentieth century English acquired the status of "Lingua franca (language of communication)", becoming very popular in those days.

  • a)    From Latin: "wine — wine", "pear — pear", "priest — priest", "devil — devil" , etc.

  • b)    From Scandinavian language: "fellow — man", "gear — mechanism", "happy — happiness", "husband — husband".

  • c)    From French: "army — army", "battle — battle", "banner — banner", "victory — victory".

  • 3)    Semantic innovations— ecotip, primerom existing words gain new meaning. The following options are possible:

  • a)    "obsolete" words completely change their meaning, losing the already existing;

  • b)    the word retains its old meaning and acquires a new one without losing the already existing one.

A list of frequently used semantic words in their new meaning for modern English:

"charisma" is a strong personality trait.

"bummer" annoyance, disappointment, trouble.

"go-go" dynamic, modern.

"funky" nice, great.

"banana", "to go bananas" go crazy. Often used in informal settings, where communicating does not limit the status and age relationships.

  • 4)    Morphological neologisms are created "according to the patterns existing in the language system, and from the morphemes present in the system.

Therefore, there are still the following varieties: Affixal parts, usually, are formed within the framework of word-formation norms, their morphological structure and the nature of motivation of meaning does not cause problems with adaptation in the dictionaries of native English speakers. The diversity of tumors are divided into prefixal and suffixal.

Prefixal neoplasms are less numerous, although the number of prefixes and semi-prefixes exceeds the number of suffixes and semi-suffixes. In total, since 1963, 127 prefixes and semi-prefixes took part in the formation of new prefix units, among which the units of Latin origin predominate (prefixes of Greek origin are few).

Among the most productive prefixes it should be noted:

"anti-" means "against",

"co-" analog consoles "from"

"de-" is used to mean waste, elimination, reverse the process.

"non-" indicate denial, make the word opposite in meaning

"post-" "after" "pre-" indicates the value "before" "before"

"sub-" adds value "by"

"in-" indicate denial, make the word opposite in meaning.

The Highest degree of innovation have, of course, the units created with the new affixes and poliafico, such as: "-on, -ase, -sol, -nik, -manship, eco-, mini-, maxi-, ur-, mega-, cine-, -oholic, gate-, -watcher, dial-a-, flexi-, after -, etc".. Suffixal units are inferior to prefixal ones in quantitative terms, but they are more common in everyday communication and are more marked with "slang".

So, one of the most common slang suffixes is the suffix -y/-ie, registered in the dictionary of Barnhart as a suffix, developed a new pejorative (ironic) meaning, forming nouns on the model "N + -y? N".

The words formed with its help are limited in use by the framework of informal communication, mainly among young people.

"Groupie" is a fan of a pop band or a star, accompanying them everywhere,

"Roadie" is a member of a group of musicians responsible for the transportation and installation of equipment;

"Weapon" is a sentimental film;

"Preppie" is a student of a private privileged school (used with irony by the middle class);

"Tekky (techno-freak)" is a man obsessed with technical innovations.

Suffixes for the formation of neologisms:

"-able" indicate the possibility and meaning of "feasible".

"-holic" indicates the meaning of "obsession

"- ian" in the new meaning of "infatuation with something."

"-ism" indicates abstract concepts, actions, processes, their results, as well as directions and trends in art, science, politics, religion, etc.

"- ist" is used to Express belonging to a certain profession, field of work, direction of science, politics, art.

"-ization" in the meaning of "distribution".

"-land" to "field of action of something".

"-ology" designation for science.

Compounding the Peculiarity of this type is the connection of entire words. The most common models of word composition are "N+N→N" and "Adj+N→N".

"friendzone" (friendship zone);

"earworm" (a song that constantly revolves in my head);

"frenemy" (maintaining friendly relations with a person to whom there is hostility — a friend + an enemy).

"burned-out" (tired, squeezed);

"buttoned-down" (conservative, traditional);

"laid-back" (relaxed, relaxing).

Converted neologisms are few in number, and have only 3 % of the total number of tumors. The most common way of their formation is the conversion of nouns into verbs and conversion of verbs into nouns:

"to soft-dock" (to weave orbital stations without the help of mechanical techniques);

"to carpool" (control of the machine in turn on the way to work, to shops, etc.);

"to red-line" (discrimination of certain areas of the city by refusing property owners loans, insurance). Contractions are one of the most productive morphological neologisms in recent decades. Of the four types of abbreviations (abbreviations, acronyms, truncations, merges) mainly consist of abbreviations and acronyms: "MMORPG" (mass multiplayer online role-playing game); "OTP" (by phone — on the phone); "PC" (personal computer — personal computer). "SALT" (negotiations on the limitation of strategic weapons — Strategic Arms Limitation Talks); "MIPS" (million instructions per second (computer term) — million instructions per second). "The language can be considered as an ancient city: a maze of small streets and squares, old and new houses, houses with extensions of different eras; and it's all surrounded by lots of new neighborhoods with straight regular streets and standard houses."

Neologisms are an important feature of the language, contributing to its development, uniqueness. But this raises the problem of proper understanding and translation of neologisms, no dictionary can keep up with the modern development of science, culture, technology and society, affecting all areas of human knowledge. The main quality of neologisms that distinguishes them from all other units of the vocabulary of the language is the quality and ability that is displayed in the term of the word.

Список литературы Neologisms in modern English

  • Zabotkina V. I. "New vocabulary of modern English".
  • Vinogradov V. S. Translation: General and lexical questions.3. Ed., 2006.
  • URL: http://www.classes.ru/grammar/138.Zabotkina/worddocuments/2.htm
  • URL: https://nauchforum.ru/studconf/gum/x/2758
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