Nihilism as an introduction of the modern paradigm (by the example of the works of Russian writers of the XIX century)

He article analyzes the characterization of nihilism in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons, in relation to the central concepts from which, according to Hyppolite, Hegel defines Enlightenment thought in The Phenomenology of Spirit. From the comparison, nihilism is considered as the specific form assumed by the ideas of the Enlightenment to the extent that they penetrate the context of Russian culture. Then, the historical causes of the introduction of the paradigm of Modernity are observed, and the problems that arise in the Russian social and political context, in the work the Development of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia by Herzen. Finally, the philosophical content is analyzed in the works Fathers and Sons by Turgenev, What Is to Be Done? by Chernyshevsky and Notes from Underground by Dostoevsky, as a plot sequence through which the authors discuss the central concepts of nihilism and raise the critique and defense of rationalism, anticipating the revolutionary process of the 20th century in Russia.