Особенности и причины безработицы в различных возрастных группах

The welfare of the population and the growth of the standard of living are affected by many factors, the main ones:

• •    life expectancy,

• •    average GDP per capita,

• •    working conditions and level of employment

Today, the unemployment rate is of great importance, since this problem covers not only the economy, but all spheres of society. Economic losses associated with unemployment, if this phenomenon is massive, is equal to the losses associated with the monopolization of markets. In general, the negative consequences of the existence of unemployment are manifested not only in the economic, but also in the social aspect. It is worth noting that, in accordance with the provision of the International Labor Organization (ILO), a person who does not have employment, brings income, is ready to work is unemployed and has been seeking work for the last four weeks [4]. However, for each age group there are specific features of the emergence of unemployment. According to Rosstat, there are 11 age groups (Table 1):

Table 1. Age groups of the unemployed

и2015          в2016

Picture 1. The number of unemployed by age groups in 2015 and 2016

Analyzing picture 1, you can see that the largest number of unemployed is observed in the age groups 20-24 and 25-29 years. These age groups mainly refer to students or young people who have already graduated from an educational institution and could not find a job. Unemployment among young people has long been an acute problem that economists are studying. The main reasons for the inability to find a job are:

• Lack of work experience.

• Affordable work does not meet the salary requirements.

Thus, specialists of this age group are recruited last, and in the case of a reduction in the workforce, they are the first to be dismissed. But since the work did not meet the basic requirements for wages, career growth, working hours or working conditions, workers easily leave the work.

Picture 2. Changes in companies in 2016 (in% of the total number of stable workers last six months)

Next, consider the features of unemployment in the age groups 30-34 and 35-39. Most people belonging to these age groups have already reliably settled in the labor market, having previously replaced several jobs and gaining experience. As a rule, they have a permanent job and stable earnings, but statistics show that among them there are a large number of unemployed, the main reasons are:

• •    Reduction in the number of employees due to a crisis in the enterprise or the closure of an enterprise

• •    Non-compliance with the employer's requirements, conflicts with the authorities

• •    Technological innovations

  In 2016, the situation with job cuts and a decline in wages has deteriorated sharply compared to previous years (pic. 2.). Structural unemployment is associated with the third cause. Every year innovative technologies are developed that completely or partially change the production processes. Such innovations affect the structure of the overall demand in the labor market. Thus, the demand for obsolete trades falls and unemployment is formed, because people can not quickly change their qualifications and learn new, necessary knowledge.

Structural unemployment in the age groups 50-54 and 55-59 is especially widespread. Rates of growth of unemployment among persons of a pension age are high. The reason for such a refusal can be the state of health, family circumstances or psychological attitudes.

As for unemployment among the age group 15-19, according to figure 1, it reduces the pace. The extremely low level of incomes of the poorest layers of the population forces young people to enter the labor market before, namely, in adolescence. It is very difficult to find at least some work at this age and especially combine it with study. Usually teenagers are arranged on a part-time basis for posts of couriers, waiters, promoters, but most employers do not risk employ minors.

Thus, all age groups in the labor market interact with each other. Labor market parameters for various population groups vary considerably. With an increase in the supply of labor, the danger of unemployment will be higher for less competitive and less skilled workers. Generations are "struggling" for jobs. In the labor market, young people make innovative resources and lead the state to sociodemographic and economic development.