Specifics of branching of venous vessels of esophagus, goitre and forestomach in hens, ducks and geese

Venous blood in hens, ducks and geese is collected from both sides of gullet walls through 5-7 meter esophageal veins, runs from cranial and middle parts into medial surface of right and left jugular veins. Venous blood is collected from lateral surfaces of caudal part of thoracic esophagus through esophago-bronchial veins, which also run in jugular veins on their side. Around the esophagus the presence of a network of superficial and deep venous capillaries forming extensive venous texture is marked. The superficial network of capillaries is located in the corresponding serous layer of the esophagus. The capillaries of a deep network have greater diam- eter than those of a superficial one and form large loops having extended form on the esophagus of the goose or the duck which are located in the submucous membrane. Both venous networks of capillaries are oriented in cranial and caudal directions.