Phraseology in the interpretation of German linguists

Phraseological units are the main unit of the modern phraseological system and are a multifaceted linguistic phenomenon that differs with great difficulty from the general number of existing phrases in the language. Therefore, the issue of the linguistic nature of phraseology in the linguistic literature is still controversial. Sh. Balli believes that the main feature of phraseology is whether it can be replaced by a word that corresponds to the meaning of the phrase, B. A. Larin believes that its main feature is the meaning of the individual words that make up the phraseological units. from the fact that those units do not have a common meaning. The emergence of phraseology serves to reduce the imbalance between human thinking and the lexical capabilities of language. German phraseology is rich and at the same time has a long history. In addition to pure German phraseology, there are international phraseologies derived from a foreign language. Phraseological units cannot be considered only as an "ornament" of language. There is no language in the world without expressions, in particular, the phraseology of the German language is very rich and has its own centuries-old history. There are a number of scientific works on the theory of phraseology in German linguistics. If we look at the history of linguistics, Charles Balli introduced the term “phraseologie” in the sense of "a branch of stylistics that studies phrases", but the term is reflected in the works of Western European linguists in three other senses:

• 1.    word choice, form of expression, description;

• 2.    language, syllable, style;

• 3.    expression, phrase.

The term phraseology means, on the one hand, a branch of linguistics that studies word combinations, and, on the other hand, a set of all stable compounds of a given language. The vocabulary of a language consists not only of other words, but also of stable phrases. Stable word combinations, in other words, serve as a means of conceptual expression. Stable phrases represent words that are combined in a subordinate clause.

A stable phrase consists of certain words that cannot be changed without compromising the meaning of the compound. A stable compound differs from other compounds in form and a certain meaning, which is determined by its traditional use and whether the completeness of the content is high or low. A fixed phrase is not created in the process of speaking during a speech, but is already fixed in the speech and is used in a certain sense. The full content of a stable phrase does not mean an independent part of a sentence, but a stable compound forms a part of a sentence as a whole, except for the proverb, because its structure can be equal to the whole sentence.

After the study of phraseology in German linguistics, the issue of classification and systematization of phraseological units began to arise. German linguists have classified phraseologies based on different approaches. For example, M. D. Stepanova and I. I. Chernishyova classified phraseological units structurally and semantically. Theo Shippan also distinguished two types of phraseology: phraseological integrity and stable compounds. Another linguist, U. Fix, distinguishes between two types of phraseologies, whether they correspond to the meaning of the verbs, or not. This means that linguists have tried to study different aspects of phraseology. As in all areas, phraseology has its object of study. The object of study of phraseology, in turn, is so complex and unique that in the process of its study it creates new sources for the development of the linguistic sciences listed above. Phraseology has already been proven to be a major topic in German linguistics in general. First of all, the issue of classification is under discussion. Phraseologisms do not have a separate system of structural types and elements of formation (affixes), as in word formation. Due to the fact that the topic is about word groups and sentences, the classification criteria that can be applied to words are not fully copied in phraseology. We are not talking here about the classification of any species, but about the rare phenomena, ie the relationship between the function and content of phraseology, attitudes, views, their stability and variability with other linguistic units. is about to go out. The relevance of the essence of phraseological construction to the characterization is considered as a classification criterion. On the one hand, the "illegal" relationship between the meanings of words used as a component in phraseology, and on the other hand, the absolutely clear factors of phraseology, the meaning of phraseology indicate the criteria of semantic classification. However, due to the fact that it does not cover the separation at the level of origin, it also brings other functional and structural criteria closer. Defining a topic and an object is a little more difficult than identifying the various problems in defining the subject of a word and word construction. That is why it is primarily influenced by all classification experiments. Phraseology as an independent branch of linguistics includes all types of specific combinations of word complexes existing in the language. N. Telia also distinguished the view of phraseology as an independent section adjacent to lexicology as a problematic issue and rejects the formation of a phraseological layer with detailed justification in the sections of the language system and the recognition of the word as a lexical semantic unit of language. explained the separation of problematic issues of traditional phraseology from problematic issues as one of the shortcomings of phraseological research. The first independent general expression of German phraseology, as mentioned earlier, belongs to the Russian linguist I. I. Chernyasheva. He distinguished between "phraseological units" (meaning at least one component) and "fixed word components" that are not specific to the phraseological type. Chernyasheva divides non-phraseological fixed word sets into "lexical units" such as "phraseological construction" (e.g. einem Verhör / einer Prüfung unterziehen) and "modeled construction" (in Verlegenheit sein / zur Kenntnis bringen / nehmen). I. I. Chernyasheva was not so satisfied with this classification. In his next work, he tried to reveal the issues of phraseology by identifying and classifying the subject. But further work was not completed. His unfinished work was connected with such issues as synonymy and ambiguity of phraseological units, the development of the phraseological system according to the general rules, the emergence of new phraseological words. The German linguist H. Burger also did a lot of work on phraseology. He focused on the stylistic aspects of idioms and their translation. He interpreted idioms as a group of phraseologies. According to H. Burger, the general meaning of a compound can be interpreted as an exception to the rule. In this case, the specified figurative phrases or their general meanings are in no case understood from the free meaning of the components.

There are some specific problems in the study of phraseology, and experts differ on this issue. Indeed, one of the most important tasks facing researchers in the field of phraseology is to generalize the theoretical and practical ideas in the field of phraseology and to conduct accurate research. Scholars who have conducted research in the field of linguistics include V. Flaysher, V. V. Vinogradov, E. D. Polivanov, B. A. Larin, A. V. Kunin, N. M. Shansky, L. P. Smith, and Sh. The Balls have also done commendable work on phraseology and its issues, and their contribution to the development of this field has been invaluable.

Phraseology is related to history, literature, linguistic geography, and a number of other disciplines, such as lexicology, semantics, grammar, phonetics, stylistics, language history, etymology, textual linguistics, and general linguistics. Phraseology consists of lexemes, and lexemes are the object of study of lexicology. The nature of the components of phraseology and their linguistic level can be determined based on the sources of lexicology.

After the study of phraseology in German linguistics, the issue of classification and systematization of phraseological units began to arise. German linguists have classified phraseologies based on different approaches. For example, M. D. Stepanova and I Chernishyova classified phraseological units structurally and semantically. Thea Shippan also distinguished two types of phraseology: phraseological integrity and stable compounds. Another linguist, U. Fix, distinguishes between two types of phraseologies, whether they correspond to the meaning of the verbs, or not. This means that linguists have tried to study different aspects of phraseology. As in all areas, phraseology has its object of study. The object of study of phraseology, in turn, is so complex and unique that in the process of its study it creates new sources for the development of the linguistic sciences listed above. Phraseology has already been proven to be a major topic in German linguistics in general. First of all, the issue of classification is under discussion.

The process of formation of phraseology as a separate branch of German linguistics continues, and many innovations are being made in this field. Nevertheless, the problematic parts of phraseology that need to be addressed clearly show how in-depth the field needs to be studied.