Oriental languages teaching and translators training in china in the early Qing dynasty: structure, languages, assignment system (late 17th - early 19th century)

Since the early years of enthronement of the new dynasty, persistent efforts were made in Peking to improve the translators training system and their assignment in the state machine for strengthening international standing of the Qing dynasty and developing contacts with foreign states of the eastern region. Great attention was also paid to the internal languages teaching including Manchurian and Mongolian, which was caused by the quick assimilation of these ethnic groups with the Chinese society. It can be seen that the translators training system established in Peking was not able to fully provide contacts of China with the rest of the world. Major breakthrough in this field was made only in the late 19th century as a result of forcible inclusion of the Qing Empire into the system of new international relations and withdrawal of the traditional China - barbarians conception of foreign affairs.