Prerequisites and conditions for the development of integration processes in the field of higher education in Kyrgyzstan

Since 2010, Kyrgyzstan's universities have undergone dramatic changes in the field of education. The integration of the strategy of reforming the European higher education system in our universities can be considered as an urgent problem of our time. In the context of globalization, our country faces the problem of competition in the world market of educational services and integration into the global educational environment through the export of domestic education.

The relationship between the concepts of "internationalization", "globalization" and "integration of higher education" is one of the factors determining the modern development of higher education in the world. Interpretation of the terms "internationalization of education", "globalization of education" and "international integration in education" is a prerequisite for the effective organization of interstate cooperation. Jane Knight, a Canadian professor, gave the following definition of the internationalization of education. In his view, "internationalization is the process of integrating international, intercultural and global elements into the educational, scientific and administrative functions of higher education" [1, p. 2-3].

Thus, internationalization in the field of national higher education is usually interpreted as a process in which the goals, functions and organization of educational services are of international level.

As for globalization, most researchers understand the globalization of education in the broadest sense as a qualitatively new process of creating a single global system in which the differences between the education systems are eliminated, and the process of adapting the education system to the requirements of the world market economy.

In the 21st century, the internationalization of higher education is undergoing significant changes. First, there is a shift from cultural and educational to economic orientation in the motives of internationalization. The impact of the process of economic globalization on universities is growing.

Regarding the internationalization of higher education, Ch.U. Adamkulova says: At the highest level, the process of systematic integration of the international component, teaching, research and social activities of higher education can be considered as the internationalization of higher education [2, p. 23-29].

Regional and international agreements, university associations, stimulate the mobility of professionals.

In this regard, the scientist Chernous T.F.: One of the important directions in the modern educational policy of the republic is the comprehensive, joint action aimed at ensuring the integration of Kyrgyzstan into the international educational space, cooperation with various countries and international organizations in addressing education issues in order to improve training capacity. is. In the future, further expansion of such ties and the introduction of innovative technologies for the dissemination of knowledge in higher education and postgraduate education. It is also necessary to streamline laws and regulations and the methodological framework of education and ensure that the country has the opportunity to move forward through democratization and progress [3, p. 148-151].

Integration is a much more serious and complex direction than internationalization, because in this case it is not only about cooperation in the field of knowledge exchange and student mobility, but also the policy of developing these ties at the state level.

On student mobility A.Z. Bedelbaeva said that “the Bologna Process in Kyrgyz universities requires students to be mobile, to learn foreign languages (at least two foreign languages), to develop distance learning, to provide students and researchers with electronic access to university resources, to study European law and culture, the greatest achievement in higher education would be the inclusion of "European subjects" history and other courses in the university curriculum to be taught. (4, p.162-166)

Many countries and international institutions are interested in developing scientific, cultural, social and political ties between countries. Assessment of the degree of internationalization of Kyrgyz higher education

Academic mobility of students is one of the most important indicators of the international level and effectiveness of integration processes in education. Attracting foreign students to universities in Kyrgyzstan will allow integrating the national education system into a single international higher education area. In this regard, it is important to have a quantitative characterization of the internationalization of higher education on the criteria of academic mobility.

The main countries providing educational services are Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. These five countries accept more than 50% of international students from around the world. Among the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 6% of students graduating in 2014 were international students. More than half of international students (53%) are from Asia. The countries with the largest number of citizens studying abroad are China, followed by India and Germany. The growing demand for higher education in the world, the reduction of transport and communication costs and the internationalization of the labor market are strong incentives for higher education abroad. The number of international students studying around the world is growing steadily. According to UNESCO, by 2025 the number of international students in the world may exceed 7 million. However, the proportion of international students varies from country to country [5]

As for Kyrgyzstan, according to national statistics, it is as follows [6].

Table 1. Number of foreign students studying in Kyrgyzstan from 2010 to 2019 (countries outside the Commonwealth of Independent States)

Years	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
All	3366	3099	3286	3467	4257	5627	6520	8881	10862	15547
Countries
Afghanistan	73	74	54	66	107	123	148	169	161	141
China	539	433	385	255	267	187	269	273	220	204
India	581	788	1137	1709	2377	3917	4745	6828	8662	10749
Iran	17	21	25	2	7	7	2	1	3	9
Mongolia	13	7	2	1	8	8	6	9	13	19
Nepal	82	50	21	45	23	17	15	24	11	7
Syria	27	24	43	7	15	16	14	16	20	24
Pakistan	955	928	778	628	559	413	390	579	830	3533
Turkey	793	727	772	679	696	695	655	624	510	532
Georgia	5	4	3	1	2	1	-	-	1	2
Other countries	281	43	66	74	196	243	276	358	431	327

As shown in Table 1, India and Pakistan have the largest number of foreign students in our country.

Table 2. Number of students studying in Kyrgyzstan from the Commonwealth of Independent States

Year	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Total	9814	7068	7977	8195	8466	8908	8194	7653	8764	21049
Countries:
Azerbaijan	21	29	41	132	57	56	153	33	132	21
Armenia	3	8	1	-	-	-	-	-	2	-
Belorussia	-	3	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Kazakhstan	2700	2941	4357	4338	4828	5184	4655	3294	2479	2083
Moldovia	2	2	152	3	23	3	-	-	-	-
Russia	818	847	927	1225	1377	1186	910	1535	1622	1844
Tadjikstan	570	1113	885	1130	1423	1840	1864	1856	2365	2439
Turkmenistan	1567	571	369	240	129	111	60	51	100	121
Ukraine	11	10	18	33	9	9	12	2	1	3
Uzbekistan	4122	1544	1219	1094	620	519	540	882	2063	14538

According to Table 2, the number of students studying in Kyrgyzstan from the Commonwealth of Independent States has significantly increased over the past 3 years compared to other countries than Uzbekistan.

Data on the dynamics of foreign students enrolled in higher education programs in universities of Kyrgyzstan are shown in Tables 1-2. The number of foreign students has increased 4-5 times over the past decade. According to the National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, in the 2018/19 academic year, the number of foreign students in public and municipal and private universities in Kyrgyzstan amounted to about 56,222 thousand people.

According to experts, the factors that determine the choice of foreign students are: the prevalence of the language of instruction, the quality of education; the prestige of universities, tuition and living expenses, migration policy, comparability of qualification requirements, as well as the geographical, climatic and national characteristics of the host country. The most important factor in students' choice is the quality of education. There is a direct link between the university's position in the academic rankings and its attractiveness to international students.

The limiting factor for foreign students to come to Kyrgyzstan is the language of instruction. Education in English, French, German, Russian and Spanish is the most attrac- tive way for international students. Because you can take international tests in foreign languages, TOEFL, IELTS, SAT, TestAS and others. Currently, English-speaking countries are at the forefront of student enrollment (in terms of the ratio of foreign and national students). For example, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have the highest rates of international students and national students.

Analysis of the integration processes taking place in the global educational space allows us to identify and create the preconditions that affect them. The specific preconditions for integration can be divided into three subgroups: geopolitical, socio-economic and cultural-educational. Geopolitical background includes:

• -    historical ties between nations and peoples;

• -    formation of interstate integration blocs;

• -    Regional proximity, often

• -    Existence of common borders.

Socio-economic preconditions include:

• -    establishment of interstate economic associations and unions;

• -    level of development of the national economy;

• -    trade and economic relations and ties between states.

Cultural and educational prerequisites include:

• -    Increased competition in national education markets and the global educational space;

• -    Transition to a three-tier education system and the emergence of new types and forms of educational programs;

• -    regulating educational activities;

• -    similarity of national laws;

• -    similarity of cultural and educational traditions of different countries;

Prerequisites for integration processes are potential opportunities that can be realized only when a system of favorable conditions for the development of integration processes is created. A prerequisite for the implementation of the general systemic prerequisites for integration in the field of education is an active state policy to bring national educational institutions to the international level. First of all, it is necessary to create a number of conditions for the integration of the national education system into the global educational space. The conditions for the implementation of geopolitical background are as follows:

• -    simplification of the admission procedure for foreign students;

• -    creating conditions for communication for learning, first of all, the development of educational programs in the language of instruction, English;

• -    development of effective forms of organization;

• -    Development of a reliable migration policy for foreign students.

Conditions for the implementation of socio-economic prerequisites are:

• -    socio-economic;

• -    Improving sectoral cooperation of educational institutions with foreign partner universities;

• -    Development of distance learning technologies.

Creating conditions for the development of international integration in the field of education should be based on the factors that the student chooses the country and the university. For the successful implementation of the integration strategy, the range of conditions offered by a country or their association must be at the highest level consistent with the factors of student choice.

Thus, summarizing the above, we can say that international integration in the field of higher education is the result of deepening and development of the process of internationalization and integration of national education systems.

Integration processes in education are based on geopolitical, socio-economic, cultural and educational backgrounds, which are implemented by the state through the creation of a system of national policies, regulations and appropriate conditions that promote the development of integration processes. This, in turn, should be based on students' choice of country, university, and curriculum.