Problems of learning dialogue and its structural components

Dialogue analysis is a young, developing area of scientific research, but it already has its own traditional directions.

Language is just one of the semiotic means by which people communicate with what surrounds them. The fact that a dialogical orientation in the humanities is inevitable is debatable. Interest in dialogical theory is growing in wide circles. We cannot say that a dialogical orientation has appeared until we understand what dialogue means. Experts agree and disagree about what the dialogical theory boils down to.

In many European languages, the term “dialogue” has different meanings. The Greek word dialogos comes from the verb dialegesthai “to make a conversation,” which in turn is related to the verb legein , meaning "to speak, to speak,” and also to "gather." Such an origin, expressed in a verb, can remind of “dialogue” as a process or practice, and not just an abstract thing.

The lively activity and rich palette of research works on the problems of dialogue testifies to the promise of its analysis. And even more important than quantitative dynamics is the fact that prerequisites for new, more specific theoretical and methodological research in some aspects are being discovered .

One of these aspects in the study of dialogue is the problem of articulating the dialogical text.

P.V. Zernetsky [3] distinguishes speech units of five levels: speech act, speech step, speech process, speech interaction and speech transaction. Under the speech step, he understands the minimum independent unit of speech activity, consisting of speech (s) act (s) with a single illocutionary force, and under the speech process - the speech (s) step (s) of the communicant from the moment of entering into communication to change the speaker. However, there is no clear functional and structural boundary between these terms: even in the definition, a speech move is equated to a speech step. To understand what is important and what is secondary, we will give definitions to each phenomenon.

A dialogue is a conversation, an exchange of information between two people.

A speech act is the smallest unit of speech activity. Since a speech act is a type of action, then in its analysis, essentially the same categories are used that are necessary to characterize and evaluate any action: subject, goal, method, tool, means, result, conditions, success, etc.

The subject of a speech act - the speaker makes a statement, as a rule, calculated on the perception of his addressee - the listener. The statement acts simultaneously both as a product of a speech act and as an instrument for achieving a certain goal. Depending on the circumstances or on the conditions in which the speech act is performed, he can either achieve the set goal and thereby be successful, or not achieve it. To be successful, the speech act must at least be appropriate. Otherwise, the speaker will face communicative failure, or communication failure.

The communicative step is the minimum unit of dialogical communication, due to the general strategies and tactics of building a dialogue. 1

A communicative move is a functional and structural unit, a unit of dialogical communication. Unlike commune kativnogo communicative act (interactive) course is a verbal or nonverbal action of one of the participants, the minimum significant element, developmental interaction promoting the communication to the common communication target [5]. The communicative move can be verbal or non-verbal.

Communicative acts - are implemented, although not necessarily, through illocutionary acts - so in this unit combines the functions of element the “atom” of interaction and illocutionary: obvious attempt to give a speech act interactional and even inter-subjective content.

Dialogic unity is a combination of adjacent replicas, interconnected not only in meaning, but also structurally. The use of ready-made phrases usually associated with greetings, thanking, apologizing, congratulations, and so on. They give dialogical speech emotional.

The dialogical move is the largest monologue unit of dialogue. In accordance with the principle of hierarchical composition, a dialogical move consists of dialogic acts-steps.

The dialogic act , or step , is the minimum segment (relative in meaning) unit of dialogue.

Taking into account and analyzing all of the above, it becomes clear that dialogue is a large phenomenon, consisting of dialogical unity , which are a combination of the speaker's remarks, which in turn are subdivided into dialogical moves , implying the largest monologic units of dialogue. In turn, the dialogical move consists of dialogical acts or steps , which are the minimum segment (correlated in meaning) units of dialogue.

A communicative act is a conversation between people, the number of which may be different. In this case, we are talking not only about dialogue, but also about polylogue. In any case, the structure of the communicative act remains unchanged. But it is worth noting that the structure of the communicative act is different from the dialogical structure. A communicative act is a process of communication and exchange of remarks, which in turn is subdivided into communicative moves , that is, a functional-structural unit of communication, and moves consist of communicative steps , which represent the minimum unit of communication. Studying the dialogue, we, of course, focus not only on communication in general, but on dialogical communication.

If we consider a speech act , as any utterance of the speaker, then this definition can be understood as a communicative move, a communicative step, a dialogical move and a dialogical act. But among themselves, these phenomena are not identically equal. It can be concluded that the speech act is a means of communication in the communication of people.