Problems of penal enforcement law of a century ago (based on the materials of the Chelyabinsk province)

Already in the first year of the proletarian state, the authorities demanded the creationof concentration camps. In 1920, in accordance with the instructions of the center, concentrationcamps functioned only in provincial centers. At that time, five types of camps were created:special purpose, general type, forced labor, for prisoners of war and transfer camps. There weresix territorial concentration camps in the Chelyabinsk province: Chelyabinsk, Miassky, Troitsky,Kustanaysky, Verkhneuralsky and Kurgan. In addition, a separate departmental Chekist, alsofunded by the local executive authority, and not the central Cheka, has been opened. In 1920-1921, an independent concentration camp for prostitutes also functioned in Chelyabinsk. In additionto the chekists, they were sent to camps and courts. Moreover, even industrial public friendlycourts had the right to send them to these penitentiary institutions. In 1921, between 2,000 and2,500 convicts were held in the camps of the Chelyabinsk Gubernatorial Executive Committee,plus about 1,600 people in four provincial prisons. The terms of imprisonment ranged from 3months to 3 years. It should be noted that no specific instructions of the center for the work ofconcentration camps were developed at that time