Project management in public authorities

In order to unify and standardize the project' process for the commercial and public organizations, as well as to the authorities have been developed and adopted by the methods and approaches to the management of the project described in such standards of international and professional organizations as Project Management Institute (PMI), International Project Management Association (IPMA), The Office of Government Commerce (OGC), Association for Project Management (APM), International Standard Organization (ISO) and others.

As part of ISO 21500 refers to a project unique process, consisting of a set of coordinated and controlled activities with start and end date of implementation to be taken to achieve the objectives corresponding to the specified requirements, including restrictions on time, costs and resources [1].

Given the fact that the organizational processes are varied and complex, and the frequent changes in the management of the organization reduced component handling and, as a result, it's necessary in the implementation of project management to take into account the size and complexity of management structures, communication processes within the organization, the target audience and the impact of external environment for both commercial organizations, and for the bodies of state power and local self-government.

Management control focusing on the formation of accounting documentation and construction of unified standards and the unique nature of projects, involves the formation of the project' image, which is expressed in the concept. In accordance with the Guide to the Body of Knowledge of project management (PMBOK), the basic elements of the concept of the project are as follows:

• 1.    Charter - the basic document of the project, which describes the objective study of the project, the project participants, the project budget, etc.

• 2.    Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a structural decomposition of all the work that must be met in order to achieve the project objectives. The hierarchical structure allows to:

• -    Identify work packages of work to ensure the achievement of the objectives;

• -    Verify that all objectives will be achieved by the project;

• -    To create a convenient, appropriate for purposes of reporting structure;

• -    Determine the appropriate level of detail in the plan are things that should be the control of the project;

• -    To allocate responsibility for achieving the objectives between the project participants;

• -    Ensure that team members understand the overall project goals and objectives.

• 3.    The project schedule - a document which is schematically or graphically shows the distribution of project activities in time with their duration and the required resources.

• 4.    The organizational structure of the project - a specially created for the successful achievement of the objectives of the project a temporary organizational hierarchy, including all project participants.

• 5.    Responsibility Matrix (or Linear Responsibility Chart) - a form describing the distribution of responsibility for the project' implementation, indicating the role of each units in their implementation and is designed to provide a description of the structure and coordination of the responsibility for the

• 6.    The budget of the project is the registry expected returns of the project, the distribution of income from the items register of project costs and funding sources.

• 7.    Project Risks - unspecified conditions or events that may affect the result of the project (both positively and negatively) [2].

implementation of the work package.

The concept of the project implemented with the authorities, to a certain extent different from the concept of the project implemented in the organization (business entities). First of all, this difference is due to this type of target oriented projects. So, the main purpose of projects in commercial organizations, most often is to achieve any economic effect (increase profits, optimize the cost structure, increased sales, etc.). While the aim of the projects of authorities or local governments most of the time is to achieve any social impact (improving the quality of life in a particular area, the solution of social problems, etc.).

Basic standards of different organizations have been previously developed for commercial organizations involved in the implementation of projects in various sectors of the economy. These standards do not fully comply with the specifics of project management in government.

Therefore, project management authorities have begun to develop separate standards (for example standard PRINCE of Office of the Cabinet of Ministers of the United Kingdom (The Office of Government Commerce), Government Extension to the PMBOK Guide) [3].

In accordance with the Decree of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russian Federation the project is interpreted as a set of interrelated activities aimed at creating a unique result in terms of time and resource constraints [4].

The concept of the implemented by the authority project consists of the following elements:

• 1.    Project Passport - the main document of the project, which contains information about the name of the project, its participants, goals, objectives, reasons for the initiation, implementation period, risks, relationships with other projects, etc.

• 2.    The project schedule - project management tool that includes blocks of activities, milestones of the project, information about the perpetrators, the timing of the implementation of measures [5].

In the formation of the concept of the project and project management authorities are recommended to use national standards "Project management. Requirements for Project Management" and "Project Management. Requirements for project portfolio management" [6]. These standards contain general information on the management of projects are not disclosed specifics of project management in government.