Psycholinguistic problems of teaching phrases to non-philological students

A categorical feature of phraseological unity is reproducibility. Phraseological units are not created in the process of communication, but are repeated as ready-made integral units.

Phraseological units are repeated in the sense, grammatical forms, and functions given by the linguistic tradition. However, it should be noted that the following fixed verbal complexes (USC) have a similar repetitive property: common names - storage room, perpetual motion machine;

Literary quotations and aphorisms - "To be or not to be ..." (W. Shakespeare), "Appetite comes with food. “(F. Rabelais) and others;

immutable people - poetic epithets - gray wolf, clear falcon, open field; paraphrases - white gold - cotton, desert ship - camel, field queen - corn; tautological phrases - questions question, diary, work so works; proverbs and sayings - they think chickens in the fall, you don’t have to be good.

Not all of the fixed verb combinations listed are part of the central part of the phraseological system, but they should be considered as a source of filling the phraseological fund in the semantic and structural changes necessary for the formation of the phrase.

A categorical feature of phraseological unity is stagnation. The components of sustainability include:

• -    constant component composition;

• -    waterproofing of the structure ;

• -    the established order of components ;

• -    invariability of grammatical form.

As a condition for qualifying a phraseological unit, the components of stagnation may be fully manifested. This is primarily due to the fact that phraseological units are influenced by words both in the language system and in the context.

Phraseological rotation always consists of the same components, as parts of a whole, closely related to each other and arranged one after the other in a strictly defined order. The consistency of the composition and location of the components of a phraseological unit has a feature that makes it possible to pay attention to the morphemic structure of the word. Any change in the structure of a phraseological unit, any - even the smallest - change in the order of the components is perceived by the speaker as a new formation outside the language system, such as lexical neologisms.

Chasing a loafer - taking into account phraseological units of a doublet character, such as chasing dogs; with all my heart - with all my heart; set the bath -put the peppers; put your head down - break your head, you may think that in some cases the components of the phraseological unit will change, but in reality this is not the case. Phraseological units of this type are completely independent units in relation to each other and are similar to synonymous words with the same indefinite basis.

In some phraseological twists (i.e., containing verbs) a different arrangement of components is noted: burning with shame - burning with shame, pulling handcuffs -pulling armpits, hitting buckets - buckets hit, but in such phraseology the units, the location of the words that make them up, are determined in the form of two equally possible variants.

The phraseological unit has an impassable semantic structure. The main part of phraseological units serves as such integral language units, which are usually impossible to include: from small to large; in its heyday; in the seventh heaven; break my head. True, many phraseological units do not have such an impassable structure, and they serve the function of a single integral unit whose components are separated by a distance.

These include verbal phraseological units, in which the verb component preserves the paradigm of grammatical forms (circle-circle), adjective-substantive phraseological units. (Kolomenskaya) that serve to describe the person and perform the function of the object or predicate in the sentence . verst - Kolomenskaya verst), and phraseological units of the predicative compound model with an open structure (hair stood - hair stood - hair stood - hair stood).

An important factor in the stability of a phraseological unit is the invariability of the grammatical form of its components. The specificity of the phraseological form is manifested in the limitation of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic possibilities of the phraseological unit in relation to the free combination of words. The form of phraseology is characterized by inertia. The decline in the grammatical properties of the components is accompanied by the "freezing" of the phraseological unit within a certain syntactic structure. The components of a phraseological unit partially or completely lose their ability to form. In this case, if the components retain the ability to form, something called grammatical variability is observed. But first it should be noted that all the linguistic features of a phraseological unit are variable.

• 1)    phonetic (orthoepic) - no time for breathing (breathing);

• 2)    lexical, including:

• -    lexical-thematic - the bear (elephant) stepped on the ear, count jackdaws (crows);

• -    synonym - to cross the line (line), shout (shout) all over Ivanovo;

• 3)    Derivative - whistling on the fist, fingers (whistle).

• 4)    The following options, including syntactic :

• -    order of components - pitch hell - pitch hell;

• -    due to the possibility of remote location components of the phraseological unit sentences - walking on one's hind legs in front of someone - walking on someone's hind legs;

• -    due to the possibility of syntactic change (without breaking the integrity of the phraseological meaning) - take the height - take the height - take the height. obtained;

• -    internal structural options of subordinate relations - knot tying - knot tying.

• 5)    quantitatively possible options phraseological unit,

• - elliptical structures, follow-up phraseological units, optional component phraseological units, insert word phraseological units.

Hence, stability as a categorical feature of phraseological units contrasts with the verbal nature of its components. Such a connection of the component with the word prototype is supported by another categorical feature of phraseological units -its separate form.

Separate formatting is a feature of phraseological unity that always leads to the actualization of its components, returning to them the state (or properties) of the word in speech.

Each component of phraseological units has a certain lexical and grammatical structure, which retains its graphic originality. The superverbal feature of a phraseological unit defines the following main structural features:

• -    the presence of at least two component words (necessary - a single component that is genetically elevated to an important word);

• -    an accentologically distinct design of a phraseological unit containing several word-components that rise to genetically important words;

• -    separate graphic design (space between the components of the phraseological unit);

• -    a separate spelling, suggesting a certain degree of lexical and grammatical independence of each component. The semantic and syntactic integrity of a

phraseological unit is phraseological imagery. The concept of figurativeness is traditionally understood as a semantic two-dimensional, which manifests itself when the name is copied, ie. a combination of two images - the original, called a figurative basis or image, and compared to the original image.

The degree of figurativeness in different phraseological units, the degree of expression of semantic duality, may be different, but it is always present. The degree of figurativeness is determined by the situation: does the phraseological unit really return genetically to the free combination of words in action in speech, did it arise on that basis (lying in the oven, counting crows) or is that combination? only conditional (canned throat, stars from the sky are not enough, etc.).

Phraseological units in terms of expressive and stylistic features is not fundamentally different from the classification of individual words from the same point of view. Referring to the stylistic stratification of phraseological units, it is therefore necessary to speak of "evaluative-emotional-expressive features which they possess not as a result of their preferential and even exclusive use, but in other spheres and spheres of human communication”. There are many phraseological units of interstitial character and their number is constantly growing. However, unlike the interstitial words that form the basis of a dictionary, they are less common than the phraseological units used in a particular area of communication. This situation is explained by the fact that most of the phraseological units that are equivalent to words in Russian work as figurative synonyms of words and have some expressive and stylistic color.