Russian Literature of the Republic of Komi: the problems of history and modern condition issues

Russian literature in the Komi region – is a major phenomenon of the historical time (formed in the second half of the XIX century), as well as the number of the authors (especially productive two generations of writers that are included in the literature in the 1960s and then in 1980). In the aspect of forming a common cultural (literary) of the territory of the universe populated by different peoples, important special historical experience of the Russian North (referring to the North-East of the European part of Russia, on which the modern Republic of Komi), collectively acquired two peoples (Russian and Committees) in the past century and a half. Based on this experience, the regional Russian and Komi writers set the goal of his thinking and expansion, which is realized in the following forms: a study of the active positive experience of living together of different peoples and raise interest in the behavior, customs and beliefs of other people, a willingness to partner. Characteristic components of such exposure program are object of this investigation.

The nature of the impact of the Central Russian literature say below, but here we emphasize another important aspect in this context: a breeding ground for most of the Komi writers were Russian language and education, fostering a common Russian and Komi writers ideological framework that prevents confrontation and aggressive conflicts in literature and personal relationships. Almost all of the major national writers, who played the role of the founders of the national litera- ture, were Russian education was strongly influenced by Russian literature and culture, performed the role of literary intermediaries.

It is important that in the XIX century, started to actively study the issue of the international cooperation and national identity, contributed to the decision to have it all of the major Russian writers and philosophers, especially Soloviev, Leontiev, then Lossky, N. Berdyaev, G. Späth, they are in different variants of the proposed mechanism of civilized cultural interaction. The first representatives of the national cultures associated with Russian culture and science have also begun to conceptualize these issues (Ivan Kuratov, Callistratus Zhakov, Pitirim Sorokin) understand their role as a factor in the consolidation and harmonization of interethnic relations.

In the XX century, the problem of the interaction between national literatures discussed even more vigorously than in the previous year, going into a cosmopolitan area, the nationalist ideas. But whatever it takes, turnover on the cultural space of the Soviet and post-Soviet Russian culture Mainland continued to influence the process of the formation of national literatures, and theoretical thinking. Russian literature is deeply grown into the national literature, and it would not see much wickedness of its position. Start building a joint Russian-Komi literary space held under the strong influence of wave narodoznaniya in Russia, which has set the task of writers, folk art research way of life, economic activities, family relations, human types, social attitudes, beliefs and culture (from N.M. Karamzin and to neokrestyanskoy theme in the literature of the first third of the XX century). Compared with the writers of the populist wing, in the works of writers narodoznaniya social conflicts and the "ugliness of life" is generally not imposed on the foreground image, because great was their point of view: the world that they have discovered, evaluated them as the subject of a friendly understanding, not criticism. The same applies to the current theme in their work life of Russian people (especially minorities, a typical example - Viacheslav. Shishkov with the theme of the life of the Tungus and other peoples of Siberia). In the North, the subject of artistic research was life Komi (zyryan, Perm), the Nenets. This was probably due, apart from the influence of the complex ideas narodoznaniya (her curiosity of the artist - the pioneer and educator), with a feature of Russian literature and Russian authors such as openness "alien" life.The image of the Komi people known in Russian literature of the XIX century, thanks to the works of writers who often are in the north in the link. About Komi wrote N.I. Nadejdin ("The Poetry of people in zyryan", 1839), S.V. Maksimov ("Year of the North", 1859), P.V. Zasodimsky ("Forest Kingdom", 1878), O.A. Ishimova ("Zyrianka" , 1880), A.V. Kruglov ("Forest people", 1883) and others. Thus, S.V. Maksimov zyryanina described as an intelligent, resourceful, honest man. Major works in this direction are the cycles of short stories, essays, tales and legends of the Komi writer K.F. Zhakova collected A.I. Turkins in the book "Under the noise of the north wind", works by I.A. Shergina later – V.S. Zhuravlev -Pechora. K.F. Zhakov also believed to be of Russian readers of other nationalities and beliefs of life, introduce a "suburban" Russian people into the circle of international cultural communication.K. Zhakov knew not only the culture of zyryan, he researched the life of kindred peoples, in particular, Perm. The writer points out in his "ethnological essay": "Few historical legends in the mouths of Perm, but in their region has an abundance of remains of ancient life: Chud tombs, fortifications. (...) ... The Perm region – is a wonderland. There are many rich materials for an anthropologist, linguist, archaeologist, historian, etc. This region is also important for all interested state of affairs in Russia "(" On the Inva and Kos (in Perm). Ethnological Essay ") [1, p. 311, 314]. K. Zhakov after Russian scientists and writers emphasizes the importance of such a methodological approach to the evaluation of the national character, as a geographical determinism, which involves consideration of human exposure to the landscape and climate. For example, in the "ethnological essay," he notes that the Komi, despite the adoption of Christianity, are still pagans, psychological properties of which gives rise to nature and culture. In the latter, he identifies the following as major factors: 1) the endless forest areas, and 2) uniformity and monotony of the landscape and vegetation, and 3) consider the population of the Komi along rivers.

A significant impact on the regional Russian and Komi literature writers has naturalists and travelers. In the Central Russian literature, this trend became in demand in Russia in the era of geographical and economic, Natural History development of the territory of the state and wider - Europe and Asia. The most famous, a kind of "exemplary" were "Letters of a Russian Traveler" Karamzin, "Notes on fishing tackle", "Notes of a rifle hunter Orenburg region" and "stories and memories about the different hunter hunts" STAksakov. Directly influenced by writers associated with the North creative interest to him. Books about North write SV Maksimov ("Year of the North": "Village Izhma", "Ust-Tsilma", 1859), published "Forest Kingdom" PV Zasodimskogo (1878), "On Sheksna" G. Dormition (1889), later - works of northern threads Prishvin, I. Sokolov-Mikitova. It was widely artistic development of the North "Capital" Russian writers, who performed the role of cultural mediators between the "center" and the region. The writers of the northern region after the literary predecessors describe the natural complex of the edge. FA Arsenyev wrote works about the climate, the landscape, the flora and fauna, fishing and hunting, "Lemyu", "Shchugor", "Black Duck" (typical that my first fish story by F. Arsen'ev devoted ST Aksakov). IA Shergin depicts north as the treasury of natural resources ("Wealth of the North", "In the wilds of the North", etc.).

In the second half of the XX century, called the trend continued fruitful V. Zhuravlev-Pechora. Here it is important to identify the perception of the Central Russian literature of one of the characteristic of the formation of the Russian literature ideas - impact on the existing type of human geography and climatic conditions of his life. The influence of nature on human writers assessed as ennobling nature. For example, independently of each other, different authors (K. Zhakov, V. Zhuravlev-Pechora) note musical northerners, estimating it as an important expression of the aesthetic relation to reality. Northerners good feel and rhythm and melody, aided by the natural environment: it has a rhythm that constitute a change of seasons, day and night, light and darkness, cosmic cycles. Musicality - only external indicator transformation of man, what is happening in-flu-enced by nature, writers and more aware of the significant impact on the cyclical nature of the spiritual world. Rhythm has a whole natural matter, which is turned on and people. Her rhythmic cycles: birth - death, youth - old age, cycling brings rhythm, order a person's life, it helps to realize short life and therefore of particular value. This prevents a person from the destructive impulses and negative social environment stabilizes. V.S. Zhuravlev-Pechora – is the first major Rus- sian writer, who lived in the region in the Soviet era, he also begins to grasp the northern artistic personality type with the Komi people. He found common with its predecessors observation. Throughout his life he lived in the territory of the Republic of Komi, studied nature, life, traditions and character of the northern people1.

Zhuravlev-Pechora met with various people - geologists oil developers, hunters, fishermen, peasants, depicted them in many of his works (novels "Fedkina land", "sea-view", "Flying golubany", "For blue fox", "We met somewhere "; stories" and sang a song ringing "," Berezhnichie "," Salmon is "," Swallow-beregovushki ", etc.). Heroes of the title is not just a writer living in the North, which inter-vene to the presence in them of a set of features, but in the community of different peoples: the Russian and Komi, Nenets. The writer is a life together of different peoples of the North as excluding antagonism, explaining that the first common strategic objective - the preservation of life durability in extreme environmental conditions. According to Zhuravlev-Pechora, it created a similar national mentality that led the people to look at each other ally, not an adversary. The writer also noted that such a friendly union of the peoples was possible under certain leading psycho-emotional features of human type. He left his work in numerous observations of the life of the northern people.

Following S.V. Maksimov Zhuravlev-Pechora represents such properties of the Komi people, as the ability to open up new areas rich in natural gifts, settle them, that is pioneering talent. The writer points out that the Komi person was not attached possessiveness in relation to the lived-in areas, in this regard, he never belonged to the neighbors as competitors. The principle of relations with its neighbors in the Komi people, as illustrated by the author, can be called a generic family: "Good and straightforward Komi. By producing fur, he blazed trails with their Vychegda to Pechora, from Pechora to Mezen and treeless expanse of Circumpolar, I rendered new places, not complaining about fate. His keen eye to notice the many, his inquisitive daughter kept secrets that have repeatedly pointed the way for Russian brother unknown treasure "[2, p. 16].

Depicting the Komi people and observing the behavior of the Russian people, the writer comes to the conclusion do they differ only in the language that is common to them, formed a human environment, in essence, the same character traits. In this regard, it can be argued that the Zhuravlev-Pechora northern depicts a man in general, without distinguishing its specific national characteristics. Is characteristic that his characters often speak several languages: Russian, Komi, Nenets and even Norwegian, recognizing thus their relationship with these people (the characters the story "Katalkino - Knots Landing" express in Russian, and Norwegian Committees; members of

• ¹    Vasily Stepanovich Zhuravlev-Pechora (1930-1980) - journalist, poet and novelist. He was born on March 7, 1930 in Mezeni Arkhangelsk region, spent his childhood in the village of Ust-Cow Creek Cilemskogo paradise-one of the Komi ASSR. Aviaradistom worked in the Arctic, hunting, fishing stations, fishing cooperatives, was a journalist of the district and republican newspapers. Photos and information about it see: URL: http://www.ust-cilma.ru/ tvorchestvo.html (date of access: 12.11.2011)

the Russian cross-Mga Ledkova of the story, "We met somewhere," said the Russian, Komi and Nenets, and the same applies to the Nenets people Vanyute of the story "way-road, Blackie," Durkin Komi Basil and Theodore Khozyainova - stories of heroes "Forest feast "and" Fedkina land "). In the context of the said ideas may explain the pseudonym of the writer - a crane-Pechora. Pechora – is a place visited by ancient Russian and Komi and Nenets, unites them into the living space. In addition, V.S. Zhuravlev-Pechora introduced the idea of a regional Russian literature of his day, "village prose" about the beneficial effects of patriarchy on the spiritual world (as in the criticism of those years has been subjected to sharp condemnation in numerous discussions on the works of V. Solouhin, Belov, Valentin Rasputin, other writers). With the patriarchal writer linked the concept of "harmony", "harmony", they performed a role in his works backbone factor, covering such a relationship of man and the world, as parents - children, man - woman, a man -the house, the immediate social environment (village) labor, land, natural phenomena and laws of force, space, God.

This is one aspect of the interaction. No less significant (and perhaps more) was the impact on the culture of the Komi Russian writers, wider - other people of Russia, it was not very significant in the material, which is usually the researchers write, and above all from the point of view of the formation of the scale and quality of art thought, special geopolitical and cultural thinking, when Russian writer was aware of themselves as part of a grand multi-ethnic world with which it was necessary to find ways of dialogue and that attracted other warehouse culture.

Thus, the impact of the line called the Central Russian literature introduced in the regional literature (Russian and Komi) installation on the positive nature of the research of the life "foreign" people, to identify the factors that contribute to the humanization national type (the influence of the natural and patriarchal environment, enhancing tolerance and common formativemental traits and habits right), education for ethnic environment friendly interest in the spiritual and material culture, the language of another people.