Insulin synthesis by genetic engineering and its application in medicine

The rapid increase in the number of patients with diabetes mellitus worldwide and the study of alternative methods of delivery of insulin, such as inhalation or oral route, which are based on higher doses, will inevitably increase the demand for recombinant insulin in the near future. Modern production technologies will not be able to meet the growing demand for affordable insulin due to limited production capacity and high production costs. The production of therapeutic recombinant proteins requires an appropriate host organism with efficient equipment for post-translational modifications and protein refolding. Recombinant human insulin has been obtained predominantly using E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for therapeutic use in humans. In this review, we will focus on various approaches that can be used to increase the production of biologically active insulin and its analogs in E. coli and yeast.