Snapshot on scientific production on transportation and tourism in Brazil: towards a strategic research agenda

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• 1    Introduction

  The interface between transportation and tourism goes beyond the geographical distribution of tourist demand and may involve transportation as part of the tourist experience (Page, 2001; Palhares, 2002). As an object of knowledge, it is observed that there is both a treatment of transportation in tourism studies and the opposite (looking at tourism issues in the field of transportation) confirming the need for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches (Fraga et al. 2013). Brazil is a continental country in terms of its dimensions and the advancement of tourism depends on regionalization (Brazil, 2022), and on the various modes of transportation, as well as the very interconnection among them, that is, intermodality - as put by public policies that order the planning and management of infrastructure (Brazil, 2018).

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the scientific production on transportation and tourism in Brazil and to create a strategic research agenda on their interface. Moreover, the specific objectives are: (a) to identify the temporal (year of publication) and geographical approach of the areas of interest (country/cities/states); (b) the audience from the scientific journals in which the studies were published; (c) and the methodologies adopted in such studies.

The study is exploratory and descriptive, qualitative in its nature, and was conducted through a bibliography research using the term "transportation" with the filter "title" in the Tourism Publications Portal, which at the date of consultation (April 10, 2021) contained 11,691 indexed articles and 40 Ibero-American scientific journals on Tourism (see Appendix A).

Besides this Introduction and the Conclusions, the paper is divided in three parts, as it follows: firstly, a theoretical-conceptual analysis about transportation and tourism, as well as an overview about the Brazilian context, then, the second one details the methodology adopted in the study; and finally, the last one is dedicated to the presentation and discussion of the results, where the agenda proposal is presented.

• 2    Literature Review

  Being a relationship of origin, the studies between transportation and tourism also in Brazil go back a few decades. Therefore, other works besides scientific articles can be considered classics, having had a fundamental importance in the process of training in tourism since the 1970s in the country, with books by authors that: (a) have been translated: De la Torre (2002) with the book "Tourist Transport Systems"; Page "Transportes e Turismo" [Transports and Tourism] (2001), among others; (b) Written in Portuguese: "Transportes Turisticos" [Tourist Transportation] by Palhares (2002), that of Paolillo and Rejowski (2002) "Transportes" [Transportation], among others. More recently, there is the book by Lohmann, Fraga and Castro (2013) on "Transportes e Destines Turisticos: Planejamento e gestao" [Transportation and Tourist Destinations: Planning and Management], According to the review by Allis (2013) it was a breakthrough for didactic pedagogical literature in Portuguese.

However, when it comes to the production resulting from more in-depth specific research, the concentration of contributions has been evident since the last two decades, with works that, at times, focus on more localized case studies in different parts of the country -such as Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and even some studies on islands, such as Paqueta (Rio de Janeiro) (Carmo, 2017), Fernando de Noronha (Pernambuco) (Peixoto; Silva; Ribeiro, 2019), and Combu (Para) (Aires; Costa; Rosa; Lobato), among others, and, at other times, are dedicated to analyses that cover the Brazilian reality as a whole. Most studies are qualitative in nature, involving observation and case description techniques, with effective empirical work. And there are also some studies that use quantitative techniques.

In any case, one can observe a pulverization of initiatives, not necessarily aligned to research macro-projects, but that respond to specific interests (in most cases), with transportation being a context element for the treatment of other issues (hospitality, destination management, environmental impacts, consumer experience, to name a few). In this scenario - which includes at least 20 years of research - this paper proposes, as above-mentioned in the introduction section, to bring an integrative look at what has been produced on tourism and transportation in Brazil, as a way to point out possible converging lines of analysis and, from there, to propose a research agenda in major lines of action.

To this end, it is necessary to consider that Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, located in South America and that presents a geomorphologic diversity. Therefore, these characteristics by themselves are already challenging to study the interface between transportation and tourism. This, as Lohmann and Duval (2014) question whether destination morphology would be new framework relevant to the debate at hand. The authors highlighted, for example, the differences that exist when dealing with urban environments, archipelagos and islands, among others, and contributed to this topic that is scarce in the scientific literature of the area, and that is gaining relevance. Thus, besides the various types of tourist destinations that express varied geomorphologies, and the geographical and administrative borders of Brazil, it is fundamental to understand that this country is composed of five macro-regions (South, Southeast, Center-West, Northeast and North), and that these are composed of sets of States and a Federal District (the Units of Federation). The States, therefore, are composed of sets of municipalities.

In summary, on the political side, there is a fundamental landmark for any study of tourism and transport involving the Brazilian reality, the creation of the Ministry of Tourism in 2003, because besides the institutional strengthening, a policy aimed at regionalization is initiated through the Tourism Regionalization Program (TRP) launched in 2004 in the context of the National Tourism Plan - TNP 2003-2007. Whereas this is essential to understand the objects of empirical analysis that are part of the state of the art, because the objects are grounded in this reality that is also cause and effect of the previous decades.

Therefore, still going back to 1988, and specifically to the Federal Constitution of 1988, article 180 originates a decentralization policy, being executed largely through the National Program for Municipalization of Tourism (NPMT). In summary, at the time this Program empowers municipalities that could have tourism as a strategic sector, at the time managed by EMBRATUR and using participatory methodologies (Beni, 2006). For some authors the NPMT is an embryo for the TRP, for others there is controversy. However, it must be emphasized that this occurs in a country that has more than 5000 municipalities, according to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2021).

• 3    Methodological Approach

  The study is exploratory and descriptive, being carried out through a bibliographic survey using the term "transportation" with the filter "title" in the Tourism Publications Portal, which gathered at the date of consultation (April 10,2021) 11,691 indexed articles and 40 Ibero-American tourism scientific journals.

From the 43 documents originally identified, were excluded because they did not meet the criteria (being scientific articles, relating directly to the Brazilian reality). Of the 20 abstracts that dealt with the dynamics of transportation and tourism in Brazil (see Appendix A), two software programs were used for data treatment and analysis, in addition to the generation of spreadsheets and graphs through Excel, being:

• (1)    QGis 3.8 Zanzibar to present the geographical scope of scientific production; Where:

"QGIS is an Open-Source Geographic Information System (GIS) licensed under the GNU General Public License. QGIS is an official project of the Open-Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo). It runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, Windows and Android and supports numerous vector, raster and database formats and features" (QGIS, 2022).

Although the latest release is QGIS3.24 (QGIS, 2022), it was chosen for the resear- chers' familiarity to use version 3.8 Zanzibar.

'The Iramuteq software (R Interface for Multidimensional Analysis of Texts and Questionnaires) [Iramuteq - Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimension-nelles de Textes et de Questionnaires] -was created in 2009 by Pierre Ratinaud. It is a free open-source software licensed under GNU GPL (v2) that uses the statistical environment of the R software. Like other open-source software, it can be changed and expanded using the Python language (. It is used in the study of Humanities and Social Sciences and uses the same algorithm as the Alceste software to perform statistical analysis of texts, however, it incorporates, in addition to CHD - Descending Hierarchical Classification, other lexical analyses that assist in the analysis and interpretation of texts" (Salviati, 2017:4).

This set of procedures allows fora snapshot, and with the state of the art drawn, it is then possible to elaborate a strategic agenda that is in tune, in a dynamic way, with what the past and present offer as clues to pave the future paths of the area.

• 4 Analysis and Discussion

• 4.1    State of the Art

In order to meet the specific objectives of the study and supporting the resolution of the problem assumed in the general objective, we have adopted a quantitative research method based on the use of the following softwares Iramuteq, QGis and Excel. The secondary data found are presented and discussed as to: temporal approach (year of publication) (Figure 1); geographical approach of the areas of interest of the studies (the country / cities / states) (Figure 2); the audience of the scientific journals in which the studies were published (Figure 3). On the other hand, after these identifications, it is the word cloud (Figure 4) and the similarity analysis (Figure 5) that allow us to understand which terms and which co-occurrences are the most relevant to provide thematic support for the creation of a strategic research agenda on tourism and transportation, based on the scientific production analyzed in this study.

Specifically, regarding the number of publications per year, almost two decades of research were identified (2002 - 2020), which is a temporal approach consistent with the fact that the interest in research has solidified in Brazil from the 1990s, since the practice of tourism precedes the theory, and in this sense the tourism courses began in the 1970s, including Silveira et al. (2012) explain that:

"(...) contrary to what was expected, that the academy would adapt to the market by providing well 'trained' professionals, there was a search for theoretical rather than practical deepening, and a professional area that emerged in the 1970s and generated an expectation of higher education, did not consolidate itself as a regulated profession, but generated such interest in academia that it is possible that the consolidation of the study area and the epistemology of tourism is closer to consolidate than the tourismologist in Brazil"(Silveira et al., 2012 : 17).

Fig. 1 - Number of Publications per Year

Source: Own preparation based on consultation with Tourism Publications in April 2021, supported by Excel

In this sense, observing from a geographical point of view what have been the objects of study about Brazil in terms of tourist destinations, and considering the relationship between transport and tourism within the Applied Social Sciences, which implies feedback between theory and practice, makes the map that fills part of this snapshot essential, further outlining the state of the art.

It was evident in Figure 2 that there is a global interest in the country represented by comprehensive studies such as points 1 (Fer-raz; Oliveria, 2008), 4 (Siqueira; Christino, 2017), 6 (Silva et al.2020), 17 (Gazoni; Silva; Fortes, 2017) and 20 (Teixeira; Mesquita, 2015)). It should be noted that these were marked only with the function of representing the country and do not express as well as the others the specific localities themselves. Note, Gemorphology is an essential key to understanding these studies. For example, in the works on Islands, both those imbricated in urban dynamics appear, as is the case of llha de Paquetd - which is a neighborhood in the capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro, city with the same name; and islands that are significant international tourist destinations, with particularities of air access, as is the case of Fernando de Noronha, which belongs to the State of Pernambuco (Carmo, 2017). There is also a centrality of studies on capitals, for example, they are hubs (nodes) of transport networks, notably the air, for example: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte (Southeast Region of the country) and Curitiba (Region South of the country) (Feitosa, 2002).

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Fig. 2 - Map of research objects of interest Source: Own preparation based on consultation with Publica^oes de Turismo in April 2021, supported by QGis Zanzibar 3.8

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• •••• Island of Paqueta al Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro); Island of Combo at Belem (State of Para).

On the other hand, still on Figure 2, the concern to integrate municipalities with less than 30 thousand inhabitants with others (point 6) (Silva et al., 2020) demonstrates the importance that transport assumes in the development of tourist destinations, and also in the context of tourism regionalization. As mentioned in the literature review section, this has been a policy adopted in the country since 2004 with the Tourism Regionalization Program (TRP). One of the studies even focuses on the Vale dos Grandes Rios Tourist Region in the State of Tocantins (point 11) (Pe-queno; Barros; Silva, 2016). Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with very different contours in terms of geomorphology, so a strategic research agenda must consider aspects of this nature, implying sustainable development strategies integrating transport and tourist destinations, as already pointed out by Lohmann, Fraga and Castro (2013).

After verifying the results that organize the state of the art demonstrating the robustness, Figures 4 and 5 - with the support of the Iramuteq software - will provide a textual analysis that will allow not only to identify the frequency of words, but also the co-occur- rence of terms, thus allowing to start a more accurate tracking of how the present state of the art offers clues forthe planning and organization of a future strategic research agenda. This agenda is in line with what was discussed in the theoretical foundation of this article, and shows that it is a path that leads to a shift in methodologies and interdisciplinary depths

licafdesde Turismo in April 2021, with Excel support

From Figure 4, it became clear that one of the terms with the highest frequency is "transport" (n=37) and that when added to "transportation" (n=17) assumes the leadership of the most cited. However, the term "tourist" is the most frequent (n=38) alone. And this is a precious clue, because if transport for tourism plays a role as a geographic distributor of tourist demand and/or the experience of transport as a tourist experience in some cases (Page, 2001), it is on this demand and in these experiences that one of the main interests of researchers are found: tourists.

Taking this into consideration, it is possible to conclude that Scott (2020) was correct in indicating that it will be necessary to advance in the study of the interface with cognitive psychology and neuroscience in the coming years. On the other hand, Moyle et al. (2019), when explaining that the new frontier of tourism research is emotions, also offer clues to understand that when the focus is on the association between transport and tourism, the tourist and everything that refers to it, is important.

Thus, mobile methods (Buscher, Urry, Witchger, (2011); Busher and Veloso, 2018) that derive from the New Mobility Paradigm (PNM) (Sheller and Urry, 2006) play a key role in the methodological shifts that will accompany a new research agenda, as the tourist moves not only through vehicles, but also through the roads (on foot, by bicycle, etc.). In addition, there are flows of information, capital, ideas, imaginaries, projects involving and being involved by these tourists and other interested parties, etc. Hence, research should also advance in this, that is, what are the other subjects of this relationship between transport and tourism?

In ubiquitous times when the real is no longer opposed to the virtual, and the virtual is opposed to the presential - because it is undeniable that the virtual is real - it is the mobile methods that are inserted in the accounting of these convergences and hybridisms, of the possibilities of studying why and how tourists move. On the other hand, when observing the advances in nanotechnologies and wearables, and the knowledge of areas that before seemed distant, such as Neurosciences.

From these approximations, it will be possible to understand the difference between emotion and feelings, the types of memories, among others. This issue is based on physiological data extracted from electro-cephalograms (EEG), galvanic skin responses (GSR), eyetracking, facial coding, among other neuroscientific methods. However, forthis, an advance is needed that goes beyond ethics, bioethics and that also encompasses the deepening of neuroethics, considering the in provide more subsidies for the creation of a tersection between these results with self-declared data (Fraga and Rodrigues, 2021).

future strategic research agenda. To print greater clarity, we opted for a cut of terms

In the sequence, the Similitude Analysis available in Figure 5 will allow us to observe the co-occurrences of terms, and thus analyze the word communities by halos, which will

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Fig. 4 - Words Cloud

Source: Own elaboration based on consultation with Publica^oes de Turismo in April 2021, supported by Iramuteq version 0.7 Alpha 2

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Fig. 5 - Similitude Analysis *

Source: Own elaboration based on consultation with Publicagoes de

Turismo in April 2021, supported by Iramuteq version 0.7 Alpha 2

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Initially, from Figure 5, six halos were identified, three of which were largerand central, those formed by the terms: (1) "tourist"; (2) "transport"; (3) "study". The other three are secondary to the "Transport" halo, and can be analyzed as subhalos of this: (2.1.) "company"; (2.2) Brazilian; (2.3) analysis:

• a)    A curious detail is that this last sub halo is not in halo 3 on "study", which demonstrates that there is an applied vision present, supporting the relationship between theory and practice, notably with regard to "technique” and “datum”.

Therefore, in the new agenda, dynamic and creative decision-making processes must be considered.

• b)    In the main halo on "tourist" it is observed that geographic categories such as those of tourist travel models (see Pearce, 2003) are evident: on the one hand there are the fixed "destination", "island", "region", on the other there is what allows movements, flows: "waterway", "way", "travel". However, there is also something more subtle, from terms such as: "information", "point", activity",

"attraction", "visitor", "propose", "in-crise" that are related to some kind of interest, search, motivation, reinforcing the thesis that both advances in mobile methods and advances in neuroscientific studies can decisively contribute to a new look at the coming decades.

• c)    Regarding the geographic focus (see Figure 2), it was entirely in Brazil, at varying geographic scales, from a mooring destination on the Sao Francisco River to the entire country as a tourist destination. The modes studied were also different, including intermodality, that is, the favorable interconnection between two or more modes of transport (see Palhares, 2002).

• d)    In addition to what was mentioned about the subhalos, in halo 2 it is clear that the studies address "infrastructure" issues, but also focus on the "person", either through "policy", or as evidenced by the role that "Brazilian hospitality" has for some researchers, as objects of study. Added to the search for quality "find" and "quality" in the "company" that offer "service" to a "market" demonstrate that the practice has been the target of studies and reinforce the thesis that the study of subjects should be included in the new agenda, the study of people and organizations, facing the possibilities of mobile and neuroscientific methods, for example.

• e)    Last but not least, halo 3 on "study" is that the relevance of observing with a magnifying glass the methodologies adopted in studies with the co-occurrence of the term "method" and also reinforces how some destinations are more studied than others, such as this is the case of Sao Paulo, a tourist destination that has one of the main international gateways to Brazil, the Guarulhos Airport.

• 4.2    Proposal of a Strategic Research Agenda

In order to propose a strategic research agenda, it is essential to use a magnifying glass to observe how the methodologies of these works are being tailored, and how this agenda can propose viable paths, in creative and innovative ways, in a pre-defined temporal universe. Therefore, Figure 6 was prepared based on the extraction of the methodological aspects identified in this state of the art, thus fulfilling the last specific objective:

Fig. 6 - Similitude Analysis with ^           a focus on Methodologies

Source: Own elaboration based on consultation with Public a foes de Turismo in April 2021, supported by Iramuteq version 0.7Alpha 2

From this last Figure, it is possible to verify that there are five halos, namely: (1) "study"; (2) "analysis"/ "research"; and that (3) "company", (4) "field" and (5) "method" overlap, namely:

• a) Regarding the first halo, it is important to highlight that the research seems to be more "exploratory" and "descriptive", as well as "theoretical". An advance would be to go to the experimental field, since

in the second halo the relationship between "tourist" and "transportation" seems to be at the heart of the "analysis" of "research" with "datum" "qualitative", b) On the other hand, it seems to be in the field that studies on tourism and transport have great challenges and, consequently, opportunities.

• c) The halo 5 demonstrates the relevance of "measure", and this includes quantitative research and quali-quanti methods. In addition, halo 3 highlights the role applied, since the locus of the research is also the "company" (ex: airline, tourism). Considering all these arguments that were supported by the state of the art, it is possible to propose a research agenda on transport and tourism, in which researchers working in Brazil and/or with Brazil expand the dialogue and exchange more and more experiences with researchers, from other parts of the world, in an ethical commitment to promoting well-being and the advancement of scientific knowledge:

• 1.    Formation of interdisciplinary teams to work with theoretical and practical problems;

• 2.    Formation and/or consolidation of international research networks on the subject, implying: creation of scientific publications (scientific journals) and national and international events dedicated to Tourism and Transport;

• 3.    Deepening in the ethical, bioethical and neuroethical knowledge for conducting research with human beings (tourists, residents, researchers, students, the various stakeholders etc.), considering mobile, neuroscientific methods etc.;

• 4.    Approximation between universities and the productive supply chain of transports in interface with tourism, promoting an ecosystem of scientific and technological innovations;

• 5.    Fundraising for research, guided by the principles of sustainable development.

Although the strategic horizon of this agenda touches only a decade (2022 - 2032), it meets the assumptions of the 2030 Agenda that supports sustainable development at a global level. On the other hand, based on a PDCA logic (or Deming's Wheel, see Slack, Chambers and Johnston, 2009), that is: Plan, Do, Check and Action, it will become a relevant step towards the establishment of more specific strategic horizons even in the 21st century. The relevance of this is closely related to the technological development curve of New Information and Communication Technologies (NICTs) itself, the shortening of distances by new transport technologies, and how this influences the development of tourist destinations from the point of view of sustainability indicators.

5 Conclusions

The objective of this work was, based on the state of the art on transportation and tourism in Brazil, to identify and propose a strategic research agenda that can extrapolate the context of Brazil alone, contributing to its increasing insertion in the international research scenario on the theme. To this end, the understanding about and Zeitgeist with the temporal (year of publication) and geographic approach of the areas of interest (country/cities/states) was fundamental to locate the various geographic scales in which the studies are circumscribed.

From this past and present, it is possible to build the ballast for the advancement of some traditions and the (re) invention of others. However, it was through the identification of the audience, from the scientific journals (n=13) that promote scientific dissemination in the consulted base (website Tourism Publications VPublicagoes de Turismo^.that it became evident how the plurality of journals, in which the studies were published, pave the way for a Journal on Transport and Tourism to be a tangible goal in the next decade. In addition, although it was not the focus of this study, it is observed by the different methodologies employed that there are projects, groups and possible research networks in motion, and in this sense the realization of an international event on Transport and Tourism would be an equally relevant step for the coming years - an aspect that had been announced in some way by Allis et al. (2020).

As obvious as it may seem, it is essential to register the need to articulate networks of scientific collaboration to propose projects and seek specific funding for research that addresses the tourism-transportation nexus, in its various aspects and dimensions. At this point, we believe that a new look at tourist mobilities could inform and point out aspects less contemplated until today - for example, those that refer to more subtle - and less Cartesian - issues to the acts of moving and also to its frictions, rhythms and experiences, resonating an analysis from the "constellation of mobilities" (Cresswell, 2010).

Future studies, based on the observation of new states of the art and life that this proposed Agenda can gain consequently leads the strategic horizon of 2032 to reposition itself to another level, with a second edition of this one. Therefore, teams designing future research must consider not only the design of the problems and the state of the art, but also that the synergy between researchers, institutions - notably via internationalization - that extrapolates the circu its of the traditiona IG lobal North -, may create technical, financial conditions for the advances to be achieved and continued in participative and aligned ways.