Научные статьи \ Общество \ Социология \ Социальная структура. Общество как социальная система \ Основные элементы и подсистемы общества

Социальный капитал как концепт и феномен

Социальный капитал как концепт и феномен

Автор: Плотникова Елена Борисовна, Кузнецов Александр Евгеньевич, Маркова Юлия Сергеевна

Журнал: Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология @fsf-vestnik

Рубрика: Социология

Статья в выпуске: 3 (31), 2017 года.

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В научных дискуссиях по проблеме исследования социального капитала значительное внимание уделяется поиску единого определения концепта «социальный капитал», а также критике и апологии его использования. В статье утверждается, что основным препятствием при исследовании социального капитала является не отсутствие общепринятого его определения, а отсутствие четко определенного феномена исследования. Представлен обзор развития концепции социального капитала с целью определить альтернативные направления развития и обстоятельства, обусловившие выбор концепции Патнэма. Последняя является основной для развития современных концепций в различных авторских версиях. Версия, популяризированная Патнэмом, восходит к концепции Коулмена, где социальный капитал - абстрактный конструкт. Теоретически и методологически более обоснованной представляется менее известная концепция Бурдье. Бурдье заимствует базовый концепт капитала у Маркса, где капитал - социальное отношение. Отсюда различия между концепциями Бурдье и Коулмена-Патнэма по поводу доступности феномена - объекта, выступающего носителем социального капитала. Объект теорий Маркса и Бурдье реален: капитал-отношение воплощен в вещественных формах. У Коулмена, напротив, капитал-вещь воплощен в отношениях. В результате концепт социального капитала, будучи производным от концепта «капитал», у Патнэма и в последующей традиции вынужденно определяется через другие социальные отношения. Чаще всего они выражены концептами «доверие» и «нормы». Эти концепты в литературе имеют тавтологические определения. Третья составляющая определений - «социальные сети» - эмпирически состоятельна, но включение ее в определения социального капитала не представляется обоснованным. Дана краткая характеристика последствий для исследования социального капитала, связанных с традицией, восходящей к версии Патнэма: отсутствие надежных индикаторов, тривиальность наблюдений и предположений. Описаны первоначальные выводы по собственному эмпирическому исследованию социального капитала в сфере производства.

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Социальный капитал, доверие, социальная норма

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/147203198

IDR: 147203198   |   УДК: 316.334.2   |   DOI: 10.17072/2078-7898/2017-3-460-476

Social capital as a concept and phenomenon

The absence of a concerted approach to defining social capital has received a considerable attention in literature. The employment of the term is subject to critique and defense. The search for unitary definition is notoriously pursued. The paper claims that it is not the absence of the established definition that hinders the development of social capital research but the absence of a clear understanding of what is the object of the study. The paper reviews the development of the conception of social capital to identify abandoned alternative directions of conceptualization and the consequences resulting from the choice of Putnamite conception as its basis. The approach of Putnam goes back to Coleman's understanding of social capital as an abstract construct. The less known approach of Bourdieu appears to be a more consistent one. For Bourdieu, as is for Marx, capital is a social relation which is embodied in thingly forms. While for Coleman, on the contrary, it is a thing embed ded in relations. As a result, the derivative concept of social capital in the 'Putnamite' tradition is subject to circular definitions through other social relations, usually through the concepts of trust and norms. In literature these concepts' definitions often tend to tautologies. The 3rd concept associated with social capital is that of social networks. These are empirically sound, a researchable object on its own, but the inclusion of social norms in definitions of social capital needs a justification other than giving the latter a phenomenon to study. The hindrances to the development of social capital research resulting from the choice of Putnam's definition as basic are: the lack of trustworthy indicators, triviality of observations and of suggestions. The paper gives an overview of the primary results of the authors' empirical research of social capital manifestations at the workplace, the qualitative stage.

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