Socio-demographic factors affecting women’s activity in society

Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice

UDC 316.722                                       

Today, to study the factors that prevent the formation of new strategic views in women, their maturation as a person, as well as to determine the causes of negative consequences such as restlessness, increased conflict, decreased emotional stability and initiative, decreased social activity, deterioration of the indicator of social and psychological characteristics of a person, and prevention is of urgent importance. As the head of our state, Sh. Mirziyoev, noted, "Nowadays, no woman should be an observer of democratic processes, but an active and proactive participant” .

Any changes that take place in the society cause women to lose their almost achieved achievements, as well as cause a sharp decline in their social status. It is known that in the process of forming a person as a person, he enters into many social relationships, at the same time; he performs a number of socio-psychological roles. As a result, his responsibility increases in different periods of his life, and he always remains in the vortex of many problems that cannot be solved. Of course, as the development of society is constantly changing, social thoughts and views are also changing .

During the last twenty years, representatives of various social and humanitarian fields have been widely studying the norms of women's behavior, social roles, level of their behavior in society, and stereotypes. According to the data, in recent years, the results of research aimed at studying the norms of female behavior have shown that women are more likely than men to demonstrate new models of role behavior that change existing gender relations. According to I.S. Kon, “Modern men and women openly compete with each other in social activities and relationships. The gradual destruction of the traditional system of gender division of labor in the sphere of labor activity -leads to dichotomization (weakening of polarization) of social-production functions, roles, professions, spheres of activity of men and women. Compared to men, women are leading according to the level of education. Today, men are also losing their monopoly on political power. Even the process of socialization is changing significantly” [1].

Indicators of personal social activity of women who participated in the research conducted by the author on the topic “Social and psychological characteristics as determinants of women's activity in society” did not observe the level of reliability in the results of the age groups of behavioral, social, professional, economic, political activity and social destructiveness (Table 1).

Table 1

THE RESULT OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY OF THE PERSON ON AGE GROUPS

Indicators	Average rank			Kraskel-Wallis criterion	Confidence level (p)
	Adolescence, 18-21 years old N=110	Maturity of the era Stage 1, 22-35 years old N=95	The period of maturity 2nd stage, 36-60 years old N=107
Behavioral activity	156,07	159,33	154,43	,163	,922
Social activity	153,64	164,92	151,96	1,256	,534
Professional activity	164,11	161,53	144,21	3,526	,171
Economic activity	162,09	155,06	152,04	,765	,682
Political activity	148,90	168,12	154,00	2,636	,268
Social destructiveness	155,57	164,38	150.45	1,580	,454

Explanation: *-p<0,05; **-p<0,01

From this, it can be concluded that a person's behavioral activity, social activity, professional activity, economic activity, political activity, and social destructiveness do not depend on age characteristics. The analysis of the results of the indicators of personal social activity on the marital status of women showed that among the indicators of social activity of married and single people (U-8089.5; p<005) confidence level difference was observed. This shows that married people are more socially active than single people are.

In fact, married people take into account not only their own needs, but also the needs of family members, try to solve their social problems, and are flexible to the social changes happening around them (Table 2).

Table 2

THE RESULT OF A PERSON'S SOCIAL ACTIVITY ON FAMILY STATUS

Indicators	Average rank		Mann-Whitney criterion	Confidence level (p)
	Not married, N=119	Married, N=171
Behavioral activity	146,56	144,76	10048,000	,853
Social activity	127,98	157,69	8089,500	,002
Professional activity	144,65	146,09	10073,000	,877
Economic activity	155,52	138,53	8982,500	,076
Political activity	143,71	146,74	9962,000	,753
Social destructiveness	138,03	150,70	9285,000	,149

Explanation: *-p<0,05; **-p<0,01

The level of reliability in the results of the indicators of social activity on women's education was shown as follows (see Table 3). High level of political activity was found in women with secondary education (U-9,931; p<005). According to A. Maslow, only self-aware individuals can show interest in society's problems and participate in solving them. A high level of political activity means that a person has a high level of need to achieve goals and interests, self-expression and selfaffirmation, and a sense of citizenship.

Table 3 INFORMATIONAL RESULT OF THE PERSON'S SOCIAL ACTIVITY

Indicators	Average rank				Kraskel-Wallis criterion	Confidence level (p)
	Medium N=45	Medium special N=66	Incomplete higher N=90	High N=117
Behavioral activity	126,38	179,27	144,89	172,32	14,384	,002
Social activity	156,07	172,58	141,03	167,65	6,180	,103
Professional activity	129,49	158,12	152,34	177,32	11,216	,011
Economic activity	113,63	170,64	160,23	170,30	14,925	,002
Political activity	191,98	141,63	150,68	163,88	9,931	,019
Social destructiveness	152,16	152.15	157,91	167,69	2,154	,541

Explanation: *-p<0,05; **-p<0,01

It was found that women with secondary specialized education (U-14,384; p<005) have a high rate of behavioral activity. Behavioral activity of a person plays an important role in his socialization, adaptation to social norms and values. This helps them to communicate and build relationships with others, to achieve their goals and success in various areas of life, such as work, education, and to develop, improve, and empower themselves to pursue a prosperous life. In women with secondary special education (U-14,925; p<005) economic activity was also found to be high. The fact that persons with secondary specialized education do not meet the demand for valuable personnel in the market of professional services, they cannot get a certain profession in the competitive labor market, which causes an increase in their economic activity. The high level of professional activity among those with higher education (U-11,216; p<005) can be explained as follows. A person's professional activity is aimed at socio-professional flexibility, and it means mastering the system of mutual relations in a team, independently performing a new social role, professional work, and gaining professional experience.

Within the scope of the study, the importance of women having children in being socially active in the society was also studied. Analysis of the obtained results showed that women with children have higher levels of social activity (U-9114,500; p<005) and social destructiveness (U-10348,500; p<005) (Table 4).

Table 4

THE RESULT OF A PERSON'S SOCIAL ACTIVITY ON HAVING A CHILD

Indicators	Average rank		Mann-Whitney criterion	Confidence level (p)
	“Yes”N=195	“No”N=123
Behavioral activity	162,32	155,03	11442,500	,476
Social activity	174,26	136,10	9114,500	,000
Professional activity	163,75	152,77	11164,500	,266
Economic activity	156,41	164,00	11389,500	,432
Political activity	165,06	150,69	10908,500	,158
Social destructiveness	167,93	146,13	10348,500	,019

Explanation: *-p<0,05; **-p<0,01

A child really has a great impact on a woman's personality. Women with children are characterized by high social emotionality, always striving for success, self-confidence, and adequate self-esteem. Being socially active of a woman with children contributes to the upbringing of children, the well-being of the family, and at the same time, the number of mentally healthy families in the society increases.

In addition, the characteristics of social destructiveness in women with children can be explained as follows. Women who have children also have destructiveness, which often has a contradictory character, under the influence of household and personal problems. This may be caused by the lack of emotional support of family members and spouse. As a result, a woman's demands towards her children increase, and her anxiety towards them increases [2].

In fact, the quality of family life is not measured by the income level of each family member. Currently, a woman decides whether to work or not, according to her financial situation. If everything is enough in the family, if the husband takes full responsibility for the family support, there is no obstacle for the woman not to work and be busy with family chores. Women and girls can be divided into two categories: one is striving for prestige (career) at work, and for the other, work is not important in their life.

According to women, work is a favorite profession, a hobby, no more than 4 hours, and the salary earned should be only their own. According to men, a woman's work improves her health, works on herself, does not become lazy, degrades, and is free from boredom. Therefore, the general indifference of men to the performance of their women can be seen in the Table below. That is, when analyzing the husband's attitude to his wife's work in this study, the result obtained is the general indifference of the husbands to the work of women (U-337,000; p<005) was determined. In addition, for men, the fact that his wife works in a good position and has a higher monthly salary has a negative impact on his assessment of himself as the head of the family. Also, factors such as a woman's economic independence, high self-esteem, and lack of need for her cause her husband to oppose her work. In the results of this research, it is also possible to see “husband's opposition to his wife's work” (Table 5).

Table 5

THE EFFECT OF PERSONAL SOCIAL ACTIVITY

ON THE SPOUSE'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS WOMEN'S WORK

Indicators	Average rank		Mann-Whitney criterion	Confidence level (p)
	Resists N=34	Generally indifferent N=28
Behavioral activity	32,12	30,75	455,000	0,752
Social activity	34,78	27,52	364,500	0,107
Professional activity	30,68	32,50	448,000	0,677
Economic activity	27,41	36,46	337,000	0,039
Political activity	33,03	29,64	424,000	0,451
Social destructiveness	28,91	34,64	388,000	0,186

Explanation: *-p<0,05; **-p<0,01

According to the analysis of the research results presented above, it can be concluded that the activeness of women in society in all aspects does not depend on their age characteristics. However, the influence of factors such as their family status, childbearing, and employment on women's activeness in society showed differences among indicators of social activity.

It is known that the political and economic changes taking place in the society directly affect the emotional state of the family. Maximum employment of family members (father's extra work, mother's work and studies, children's club, lessons, extra classes) burdens the woman more with the need to maintain the unity of the family, to maintain a positive atmosphere in it. Therefore, today women's desire to have their own place in society forces them to balance their obligations both at work and in the family. This is also shown by the higher social activity of married women compared to unmarried women. The market economy, which requires competition, creates individual initiative and strong social activity in some women, but on the contrary, it creates negative situations such as stratification and unemployment in the society, and affects the values of women. The important values of the women who took part in the research today are family, health and having a position (career) in their profession [3].

Of course, the family is an important value in the development of every person, in the life of the state, in raising the new generation, in ensuring social stability and development. Also, if a person is healthy, he will achieve his goals and successfully implement his plans. Women are striving for financial independence while gaining their position as active subjects of society. This causes a woman to perform not only reproductive and educational, but also economic tasks in the family. Helping spouses in household chores and raising children in the family is a guarantee of family well-being. It has been proven that children who grow up to see this experience a much higher level of happiness. Motherhood ideology in women is a traditional value and a natural necessity, and in the family, it is the father who is responsible for his children's acquisition of the behavioral model through education. The result of the study also showed that today fathers do not spend enough time to help with housework and child rearing. As a reason for this, we can point to the fact that the father is unable to devote time to his family because he works a lot, or he was deprived of his father's attention as a child and did not learn the necessary behavior model, or he is paying more attention to his role as a breadwinner, or there are many caring family members around his child.

At the same time, the high level of social activity and professional activity among working women is due to the fact that they have a double burden due to both professional and household obligations. Professional activity is inextricably linked with an individual's attempt to express himself, work on himself, and the increasing participation of women in social life today requires an increase in their social activity, a change in their socio-cultural status, the enrichment of their lives, and the acquisition of new directions.

Comprehensive support of women in our country, protection of their legal interests, improvement of their lives, as well as systematic implementation of consistent reforms in this regard, implies women's activity in all aspects of society. We can clearly see this in the fundamentally changing attitude towards women at the new stage of our country's development. Because, in the process of globalization, integration, informatization and democratic renewal, ensuring gender equality in all aspects requires their comprehensive support.