Sources of metal of silver objects from burials of nomads of Asian Sarmatia of the 2nd century BCE - 3rd century CE after the results of archaeological and Pb-Pb isotopic studies

Sources of metal of silver objects from burials of nomads of Asian Sarmatia of the 2nd century BCE - 3rd century CE after the results of archaeological and Pb-Pb isotopic studies

Автор: Treister Mikhai, Chugaev Andrey

Журнал: Материалы по археологии и истории античного и средневекового Причерноморья @maiask

Рубрика: Археология

Статья в выпуске: 14, 2022 года.

Бесплатный доступ

The paper is devoted to the complex analysis of silver objects from the burial complexes of Asian Sarmatia of the 2nd century BCE - 3rd century CE, representing both typological and cultural-historical analysis of these items in combination with the study of the isotopic composition of Pb in order to try to answer questions not only about possible centers of the manufacture of objects, but also of the sources of the metal. Pb-Pb data were obtained using inductively coupled plasma multicollector mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) carried out in the Laboratory of isotopic geochemistry and geochronology of the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry RAS, Moscow.The overwhelming majority of the objects are dated within the 1st century BCE - 1st century CE time span. The stylistic features of the items indicate that their origin is associated with several production centers: 1) the workshops of the ancient cities of the North Pontic region, first of all, the Bosporan Kingdom; 2) workshops located in Asia Minor or in the Eastern Mediterranean; 3) round-bottomed goblets and some of the phalerae of horse-harness should be attributed to the products of Sarmatian craftsmen, most probably manufactured both inthe Lower Volga and in the Kuban region; 4) a neck guard of the helmet of the East Celtic type, secondary used as a breastplate of horse-harness, is undoubtedly the product of the Celtic ( Taurisci ) workshop, located in the territory of modern Slovenia.The 17 silver items demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in terms of the Pb isotopic composition. The values of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios vary in the ranges: from 18.07 to 19.41, from 15.60 to 15.75, and from 38.3 to 40.4 respectively. The large variation (ν206/204 = 1.4%, ν207/204 = 0.2%, and ν208/204 = 1.2%) can be explained by the origin of the metal from several ore provinces located in the Black Sea region, Asia Minor and the Near East. The Pb isotopic composition of most of the items is consistent with deposits in the Black Sea region - Eastern Balkans (6 items) and Eastern Pontides (6 items). The Pb-Pb data indicates that silver also could come from the deposits of the Taurus (South-Eastern Turkey) and Zagros (Western Iran) Mountains.

Еще

Nomads, asian sarmatia, silver vessels, details of armor, horse equipment, belt sets and of ceremonial furniture, typology, chronology, stylistic features, distribution, centers of manufacture, pb isotopic data, sources of silver, ore provinces

Еще

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/14125278

IDR: 14125278   |   DOI: 10.53737/2713-2021.2022.21.32.004

Список литературы Sources of metal of silver objects from burials of nomads of Asian Sarmatia of the 2nd century BCE - 3rd century CE after the results of archaeological and Pb-Pb isotopic studies

  • Abdullaev, K.A. 2007. Nomad Migration in Central Asia. In: Cribb, J., Herrmann, G. (eds.). After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 73—98 (Proceedings of the British Academy 133).
  • Akiska, S., Demirela, G., Sayili, S. 2013. Geology, Mineralogy and the Pb, S Isotope Study of the Kalkim Pb-Zn ± Cu Deposits, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Journal of Geosciences 58, 4, 379—396.
  • Ashrafpour, E., Ansdell, K., Alirezaei, S. 2012. Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution and Ore Genesis in the Arghash Epithermal Gold Prospect, Northeastern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 51, 30—44.
  • Bagrikov, G.I., Senigova, T.N. 1968. In Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR. Seriya obshchestvennyye nauki (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Social Science Series) (2), 71—89 (in Russian).
  • Balabanova, M.A. (ed.). 2014. Kurgannyy mogil'nik Peregruznoye I: rezul'taty mezhdistsiplinarnykh issledovaniy (Burial mound Peregruznoye I: results of interdisciplinary research). Volgograd: Volgogradskiy filial FGBOU VPO RANKhiGS (in Russian).
  • Baratte, F., 1986. Le trésor l'orfèvrerie romaine le Boscoreale. Paris: Reunion des Musees Nationaux.
  • Baron, S., Carignan, J., Laurent, S., Ploquin, A. 2006. Medieval lead making on Mont-Lozère Massif (Cévennes-France): tracing ore sources using Pb isotopes. Applied geochemistry 21 (2), 241—252.
  • Baron, S., Tamasë, C., Cauuet, B., Munoz, M. 2011. Lead Isotope Analyses of Gold-Silver Ores from Rosia Montana (Romania): a First Step of a Metal Provenance Study of Roman Mining Activity in Alburnus Maior (Roman Dacia). Journal of Archeological Science 38 (5), 1090—1100.
  • Barr-Sharrar, B. 1987. Hellenistic Decorative Busts. Mainz: von Zabern.
  • Belousov, A.V. 2016. In Aristey (Aristeas) XIV, 246—273 (in Russian).
  • Bernard, P., Abdullayev, K. 1997. In Rossiyskaya arkheologiya (Russian Archaeology) (1), 68—86 (in Russian).
  • Bespalyy, Ye.I., Luk'yashko, S.I. 2018. Drevnee naselenie mezhdurech'ya Dona i Kagal'nika (Ancient Population of the Interfluve of the Don and Kagalnik). Vol. 2. Kurgannyy mogil'nik u s. Novoaleksandrovka (Burial mound Cemetery near the Novoaleksandrovka village). Rostov-on-Don: YUNTS RAN (Materials and research on the archeology of the South of Russia).
  • Boardman, J. 2010. The Relief Plaques of Eastern Eurasia and China. The "Ordos Bronzes", Peter the Great's Treasure, and their kin. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (Beazley Archive Occasional Paper).
  • Bolla, M. 1994. Vasellame romano in bronzo nelle Civiche raccolte archeologiche di Milano. Milano: Civico Museo Archeologico (Rassegna di studi del Civico museo archeologico e del Civico gabinetto numismatico di Milano. Suppl. 11).
  • Borodovskiy, A.P. 2007. Drevniy reznoy rog Yuzhnoy Sibiri (epokha paleometalla) (Ancient carved Horn of Southern Siberia (Paleometal Period)). Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii Sibirskogo otdeleniya RAN.
  • Bozkaya, G. 2009. Sulphur- and Lead-Isotope Geochemistry of the Arapuçandere Lead—Zinc—Copper Deposit, Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey. International Geology Review 53 (1), 116—129.
  • Brill, R., Wampler, J. 1965. Isotope Studies of Ancient Lead. American Journal of Archaeology 69, 165—166.
  • Brill, R., Wampler, J. 1967. Isotope Studies of Ancient Lead. American Journal of Archaeology 71, 63—77.
  • Brosseder, U. 2011. Belt Plaques as an Indicator of East-West Relations in the Eurasian Steppe at the Turn of the Millennia. In: Brosseder, U., Miller, B.K. (eds.). Xiongnu Archaeology. Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia. Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 349—424 (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology 5).
  • Bunker, E.C. 1997. Ancient Bronzes of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collection. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
  • Callatay, F. 2009. The First Royal Coinages of Pontos (from Mithridates III to Mithridates V). In: Hojte, J.M., Rasmussen, L.B. (eds.). Mithridates VIand the Pontic Kingdom. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 63—94.
  • Cat. Daoulas 1995. Entre Asie et Europe. L'or des Sarmates. Nomades des steppes dans l'antiquité. 17 juin — 29 octobre 1995. Abbaye de Daoulas: Abbaye de Daoulas.
  • Cat. Mantua 1998. L'uomo d'oro. La cultura delle steppe del Kazakhstan dall'età del bronzo alle grandi migrazioni. Venezia: Mondadori Electa.
  • Cat. Naples 2006. Guzzo, P.G. (ed.), Argenti a Pompei. Milano: Mondadori Electa.
  • Cat. New York 2012. Stark, S., Rubinson, K.S. (eds.). Nomads and Networks. The Ancient Art and Culture of Kazakhstan. New York, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Cat. Rome 2005. Anisimova, L., Bonora, G.L., Franchi, C., Karavaeva, L., Plakhov, V.V. (eds.). I Tesori della steppa di Astrakhan. Milano: Electa.
  • Cat. San Diego 2006. Chang, D. (ed.). Of Gold and Grass. Nomads of Kazakhstan. San Diego: Foundation for International Arts and Education.
  • Cat. Toledo 1977. Oliver, A.Jr. Silver for the Gods. 800 Years of Greek and Roman Silver. Toledo: Toledo Museum of Art.
  • Ceyhan, N. 2003. Lead Isotope Geochemistry of Pb-Zn Deposits from Eastern Taurides, Turkey. Master Thesis. The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of the METU.
  • Chernyshev et al. 2007: Chernyshev, I.V., Chugaev, A.V., Shatagin, K.N. 2007. In Geokhimiya (Geochemistry) 11, 1155—1168 (in Russian).
  • Chugaev et al. 2013: Chugaev, A.V., Chernyshev, I.V., Lebedev, V.A., Eremina, A.V. 2013. In Petrologiya (Petrology) 21 (1), 20—33 (in Russian).
  • Chugaev, A.V., Chernyshev, I.V. 2012. In: Treister, M.Yu., Yablonskiy, L.T. (eds.). Vliyaniya akhemenidskoy kul'tury v Yuzhnom Priural'ye (V—III vv. do n.e.) (Influences of the Achaemenid culture Culture in the Southern Urals (5th — 3rd Centuries BCE)). Vol. 1. Moscow: Taus, 239—246 (in Russian).
  • CR St. Petersbourg 1902: Otchet imperatorskoy arkheologicheskoy komissii za 1902 g (Report of the Imperial Archaeological Commission for 1902). 1904. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Glavnogo upravleniya udelov (in Russian).
  • Craddock, P. 2014. Production of Silver across the Ancient World. ISIJInternational 54, 1085—1092.
  • Dana, D., Kamiseva, M., Theodossiev, N. 2016. Une signature d'artisan sur le fourreau d'une épée trouvée près de Béroia de Thrace. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 199, 60—64.
  • Devlet, M.A. 1980. Sibirskiye poyasnyye azhurnyye plastiny. II v. do n.e. — I v. n.e. (Siberian Belt openwork Plates. 2nd century BCE — 1st century CE). Moscow: Nauka (Corpus of Archaeological Sources D4-7) (in Russian).
  • Eggers, H.J. 1966. Römische Bronzegefäße in Britannien. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 13, 67—164.
  • Ehya, F., Lotfi, M., Rasa, I. 2010. Emarat Carbonate-Hosted Zn—Pb Deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: a Geological, Mineralogical and Isotopic (S, Pb) Study. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 37, 186—194.
  • Erdrich, M. 2002. Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum. Deutschland. Bd. 4. Hansestadt Bremen und Bundesland Niedersachsen. Bonn: Habelt.
  • Firsov, K.B. 2010. In: Bongard-Levin, G.M., Kuznetsov, V.D. (eds.). Antichnoe nasledie Kubani (Ancient Heritage of Kuban). Vol. III. Moscow: Nauka, 328—352 (in Russian).
  • Francfort, H.P. 2011. Tillya Tépa (Afghanistan) la sépulture d'un roi anonyme de la Bactriane du Ier siècle P.C. Topoi 17/1, 277—347.
  • Gale, N., Stos-Gale, Z. 2016. OXALID: Oxford Archaeological Lead Isotope Database from the Isotrace Laboratory. UK. Available at: http://oxalid.arch.ox.ac.uk/TheDatabase.htm (accessed 15.01.2022).
  • Gehrig, U. 1980. Hildesheimer Silberschatz im Antikenmuseum. 2. Aufl. Berlin: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz.
  • Glebov et al. 2014. Glebov, V.P., Dedyul'kin, A.V., Gordin, I.A. In Ufimskiy arkheologicheskiy vestnik (The Ufa Archaeological Herald) 14, 77—83 (in Russian).
  • Glebov, V.P. 2002. In Donskaya arkheologiya (Don Archaeology) (1—2), 28—41 (in Russian).
  • Glebov, V.P. 2004. In: Raev, B.A. (ed.). Sarmatskie kul'tury Evrazii: Problemy regional'noy khronologii. Doklady k 5 mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii "Problemy sarmatskoy arkheologii i istorii" (Sarmatian Cultures of Eurasia: Problems of Regional Chronology. Reports to the 5th International conference "Problems of Sarmatian Archaeology and History"). Krasnodar: Firma NSS, 127—133 (in Russian).
  • Glebov, V.P. 2006. In: Klepikov, V.M. (ed.). Rannesarmatskaya i srednesarmatskaya kul'tury: problemy sootnosheniya (Early Sarmatian and Middle Sarmatian Cultures: Correlation Problems). Iss. 1. Volgograd: Volgogradskoe nauchnoe izdatel'stvo, 59—68 (in Russian).
  • Gôkçe, A., Bozkaya, G. 2006. Lead and Sulfur Isotope Evidence for the Origin of the Inler Yaylasi Lead— Zinc Deposits, Northern Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26, 91—97.
  • Gorbunova, N.G. 2001. In Arkheologicheskiy Sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (The Archaeological Collection of the State Hermitage Museum) 35, 126—151 (in Russian).
  • Goryachev, A.A., Yatsenko, S.A., Egorova, T.A. 2016. In: Baytanayev, B.A. (ed.). Aktual'nyye problemy arkheologii Evrazii. Materialy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 25-letiyu nezavisimosti Respubliki Kazakhstan i 25-letiyu Instituta arkheologii im. A.Kh. Margulana (Actual Problems of Archaeology of Eurasia. Materials of the Conference dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the 25th Anniversary of the A.Kh Margulan Institute of Archaeology). Almaty: Institut arkheologii im. A.Kh. Margulana, 632—648 (in Russian).
  • Gregarek, H. 1997. Der Hildesheimer Silberfund. In: von Prittwitz und Gaffron, H.-H., Mielsch, H. (Hrsg.). Das Haus lacht vor Silber. Köln, Bonn: Rheinland-Verlag, 91—98.
  • Grenet, F., 2012. The Nomadic Element in the Kushan Empire (1st — 3rd Century AD). Journal of Central Eurasian Studies 3, 1—22.
  • Gruber, M., Il'yasov, J., Kaniuth, K. 2012. A Decorated Ivory Belt from Tilla Bulak, Southern Uzbekistan. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18, 339—375.
  • Gushchina, I.I., Zasetskaya, I.P. 1989. In: Abramova, M.P. (ed.). Arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya na yuge Vostochnoy Evropy (Archaeological Research in the South of Eastern Europe). Moscow: Gosudarstvenniy istoricheskiy muzey, 71—141 (Proceedings of the State Historical Museum 70) (in Russian).
  • Gushchina, I.I., Zasetskaya, I.P. 1994. "Zolotoye kladbishche" rimskoy epokhi v Prikuban'ye ("Golden Cemetery" of the Roman Period in the Kuban Region). Saint Petersburg: Farn (in Russian).
  • Gustin, M. 2011. On the Celtic tribe of Taurisci: local identity and regional contacts in the ancient World. In: Gustin, M., Jevtic, M. (eds.). The Eastern Celts: the communities between the Alps and the Black Sea (Annales Mediterranei). Koper: Univerza na Primoerskem, 119—130.
  • Gustin, M., 2008. Zu einigen Figuralmotiven im Gebiet der Taurisker. In: Teegen, W.-R., Cordie, R., Dörrer, O., Rieckhoff, S., Steuer, H. (Hrsg.). Studien zur Lebenswelt der Eisenzeit: Festschrift für Rosemarie Müller. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 115—132.
  • Hanilci, N., Öztürk, H. 2011. Geochemical Isotopic Evolution of Pb—Zn Deposits in the Central and Eastern Taurides, Turkey. International Geology Review 53(13), 1478—1507.
  • Hojte, J. 2009. Introduction. In: Hojte, J.M., Rasmussen, L.B. (eds.). Mithridates VI and The Pontic Kingdom. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 7—13.
  • Il'yasov et al. 2013: Il'yasov, Dzh.Ya., Kaniut, K., Gruber, M. 2013. In: Kolganova, G.Yu., Petrova, A.A., Kullanda, S.V. (eds.). Posledniy entsiklopedist: kyubileyu so dnya rozhdeniya B.A. Litvinskogo (The last Encyclopedist: on the Anniversary of the Birth of B.A. Litvinsky). Moscow: Institut vostokovedeniya RAN, 185—199 (in Russian).
  • Il'yukov, L.S., Vlaskin, M.V. 1992. Sarmaty mezhdurech'ya Sala i Manycha (Sarmatians of the Interfluve of Sal andManych). Rostov-on-Don: Rostovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet (in Russian).
  • Ilyasov, J. 2003. Covered Tail and "Flying" Tassels. Iranica Antiqua XXXVIII, 259—325.
  • Ilyasov, J.Ya., Rusanov, D.V. 1998. A Study on the Bone Plates from Orlat. Silk Road Art and Archaeology 5, 107—159.
  • Kassianidou, V. 2003. Early extraction of silver from complex polymetallic ores. In: Craddock, P., Lang, J. (eds.). Mining and metal production through the ages. London: The British Museum Press, 198—206.
  • Kat. Frankfurt 2003. Wamers, E., Stutzinger, D. (Hrsg.). Steppengold. Grabschätze der Skythen und Sarmaten am unteren Don. Frankfurt: Archäologisches Museum.
  • Kat. Hildesheim 1997. Boetzkes, M., Stein H. (Hrsg.). Der Hildesheimer Silberfund. Original und Nachbildung. Vom Römerschatz zum Bürgerstolz. Hildesheim: Gebrüder Gerstenberg.
  • Koptagel et al. 2007. Koptagel, O., Ulusoy, U., Fallick, A. Sulfur and Lead Isotope Investigations of the Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in the Yahyali Region, Kayseri, Southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 57—76.
  • Korolkova, E.F. 2001. Vasi rituali dei nomadi. In: Aruz, J., Farkas, A., Alekseev, A., Korolkova, E. (eds.). Oro. Il misterio dei Sarmati e de gli Sciti. Milano: Electa, 174—177.
  • Kouhestani et al. 2015. Kouhestani, H., Ghaderi, M., Chang, Z., Zaw, K. Constraints on the Ore Fluids in the Chah Zard Breccia-Hosted eEpithermal Au—Ag Deposit, Iran: Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotope Studies. Ore Geology Reviews 65, 512—521.
  • Kouzmanov et al. 2009. Kouzmanov, K., Moritz, R., Von, Q., Chiaradia, M., Peytcheva, I., Fontignie, D., Ramboz, C., Bogdanov, K. Late Cretaceous Porphyry Cu and Epithermal Cu-Au Association in the Southern Panagyurishte District, Bulgaria: the Paired Vlaykov Vruh and Elshitsa Deposits. Mineralium Deposita 44, 611—646.
  • Kropotkin, V.V. 1970. Rimskiye importnyye izdeliya v Vostochnoy Evrope (II v. do n.e. — Vv. n.e.) (Roman Imports in Eastern Europe (2nd century BCE — 5th century CE)). Moscow: Nauka (Corpus of Archaeological Sources D1-27) (in Russian).
  • Kuleff et al. 2006. Kuleff, I., Iliev, I., Pernicka, E., Gergova, D. Chemical and Lead Isotope Compositions of Lead Artefacts from Ancient Thracia (Bulgaria). Journal of Cultural Heritage 7 (4), 244—256.
  • Lapa, N.L., Ochir-Goryaeva, M.A. 2002. In Vestnik drevney istorii (Journal of Ancient History) (3), 200— 205 (in Russian).
  • Maksimov, M. 1981. Ocherk o serebre (Essay on silver). Moscow: Nedra (in Russian).
  • Mamontov, V.I. 1995. In Donskiye drevnosti (Don Antiquities) 4, 169—178 (in Russian).
  • Mamontov, V.I. 2000. Drevneye naseleniye levoberezh'ya Dona (po materialam mogil'nika Pervomayskiy VII) (The Ancient Population of the Left Bank of the Don (based on the Materials of the Pervomaiskiy VII Cemetery)). Volgograd: Volgogradskiy universitet (in Russian).
  • Mamontov, V.I. 2004. In: Skripkin, A.S. (ed.). Problemy arkheologii Nizhnego Povolzh'ya. I mezhdunarodnaya Nizhnevolzhskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya (Problems of archaeology of the Lower Volga region. 1st International Lower Volga Archaeological Conference). Volgograd: Volgogradskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, 204—208 (in Russian).
  • Mamontov, V.I. 2008. In Nizhnevolzhskiy arkheologicheskiy vestnik (The Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin) 9, 170—197 (in Russian).
  • Marcenko, I.I., Limberis, N.J. 2008. Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Denkmälern des Kubangebietes. In: Simonenko, A., Marcenko, I.I., Limberis, N.J. Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern. Mainz: von Zabern, 267—400 (Archäologie in Eurasien 25).
  • Marchev, P., Moritz, R. 2006. Isotopic Composition of Sr and Pb in the Central Rhodopean Ore Fields: Inferences for the Genesis of the Base-Metal Deposits. Geologica Balcanica 35, 49—61.
  • Marcoux et al. 2002. Marcoux, E., Grancea, L., Lupulescu, M., Milesi, J. Lead Isotope Signatures of Epithermal and Porphyry-Type Ore Deposits from the Romanian Carpathian Mountains. Mineralium Deposita 37, 173—184.
  • Maslov, V.E. 1999. In: Melyukova, A.I., Moshkova, M.G., Bashilov, V.A. (eds.). Evraziyskie drevnosti. 100 let B.N. Grakovu: arkhivnye materialy, publikatsii, stat'i (Eurasian Antiquities. 100 years of B.N. Grakov: archive materials, publications, articles). Moscow: Institut arkheologii RAN, 219—236 (in Russian).
  • Medvedev et al. 2008a. Medvedev, A.P., Matveev, Yu.P., Safonov, I.Ye. In: Medvedev, A.P. (ed.). Sarmaty v verkhov'yakh Tanaisa (Sarmatians in the upper Reaches of the Tanais). Moscow: Taus, 116—125 (in Russian).
  • Medvedev et al. 2008b. Medvedev, A.P., Matveev, Yu.P., Safonov, I.Ye. In Rossiyskaya arkheologiya (Russian archaeology) (4), 97—107 (in Russian).
  • Medvedev, A., Safonov, I. 2007. Le Tumulus Princier Sarmate sur le Don Supérieur Subtitle: (Note Préliminaire). Ancient West and East 6, 255—259.
  • Merkel et al. 2013a. Merkel, S., Sverchkov, L., Hauptmann, A., Hilberg, V., Bode, M., Lehmann, R. Analysis of Slag, Ore and Silver from the Tashkent and Samarkand Areas: Medieval Silver Production and the Coinage of Samanid Central Asia. Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege, 62—66.
  • Merkel et al. 2013b. Merkel, S., Brautigam, B., Klein, S., Hauptmann, A. The Analysis of Slag from the Panjhir Mining Region, Afghanistan: An Investigation of (Medieval) Silver Production Technology. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 45, 231—249.
  • Merkel, S.W. 2021. Evidence for the widespread use of dry silver ore in the Early Islamic period and its implications for the history of silver metallurgy. Journal of Archaeological Science 135, 105478.
  • Mielsch, H. 1997. Römisches Tafelsilber aus Ägypten. In: von Prittwitz und Gaffron, H.-H., Mielsch, H. (Hrsg.). Das Haus lacht vor Silber. Köln; Bonn: Rheinland-Verlag, 41—58.
  • Mielsch, H., Niemeyer, B. 2001. Römisches Silber aus Ägypten in Berlin. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter (139./140. Winckelmannsprogramm der archäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin).
  • Mihaljevic, M., Dizdar, M. 2007. Late La Tène bronze helmet from the river Sava near Stara Gradiska. Vjesnik Arheoloskog muzeja u Zagrebu 3. s. XL, 117—146.
  • Miks, C. 2009. Relikte eines frühmittelalterlichen Oberschichtgrabes? Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 56, 395—538.
  • Mirnejad et al. 2011. Mirnejad, H., Simonetti, A., Molasalehi, F. Pb Isotopic Compositions of Some Zn—Pb Deposits and Occurrences from Urumieh—Dokhtar and Sanandaj—Sirjan Zones in Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 39, 181—187.
  • Mordvinceva, V.I. 2001. Sarmatische Phaleren. Rahden: Marie Leidorf (Archäologie in Eurasien 11).
  • Mordvintseva, V.I. 2000. In Rossiyskaya arkheologiya (Russian archaeology) (1), 144—153 (in Russian).
  • Mordvintseva, V.I. 2002. In Rossiyskaya arkheologiya (Russian archaeology) (3), 157—161 (in Russian).
  • Mordvintseva, V.I. 2005. In: Marchenko, I.I. (ed.). Chetvertaya Kubanskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya. Tezisy i doklady (Fourth Kuban Archaeological Conference. Abstracts and Reports). Krasnodar: Kubanskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, 186—187 (in Russian).
  • Mordvintseva, V.I., Khabarova, N.V. 2006. Drevneye zoloto Povolzh 'ya iz fondov Volgogradskogo oblastnogo krayevedcheskogo muzeya (Ancient Gold of the Volga Region from the Depots of the Volgograd Regional Museum of Local Lore). Simferopol: Tarpan (in Russian).
  • Mordvintseva, V.I., Treister, M.Yu. 2007. Proizvedeniya torevtiki i yuvelirnogo iskusstva v Severnom Prichernomor'ye. II v. do n.e. — II v. n.e. (Works of Toreutics and Jewelry Art in the North Pontic Region. 2nd century BCE — 2nd century CE). Simferopol; Bonn: Tarpan (in Russian).
  • Moshkova, M.G. 2009. In: Furas'ev, A.G. (ed.). Gunny, goty i sarmaty mezhdu Volgoy i Dunayem (Huns, Goths and Sarmatians between the Volga and the Danube). Saint Petersburg: Fakul'tet filologii i iskusstv Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 99—113 (in Russian).
  • Mrâv, Z. 2013. Eiserne Klappstühle aus Kaiserzeitlichen Bestattungen der einheimischen Elite in Pannonien. Zu den Beigaben der Bade- und Reinigungsgarnitur pannonischer Wagengräber. Archaeologiai Ertesitö 138, 105—144.
  • Nikonorov, V.P., Khudyakov, Yu.S. 1999. In: Mit'ko, O.A. (ed.). Evraziya: kul'turnoye naslediye drevnih tsivilizatsiy (Eurasia: Cultural Heritage of Ancient Civilizations). Iss. 2. Gorizonty Evrazii (Horizons of Eurasia). Novosibirsk: Novosibirskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, 141—154 (in Russian).
  • Ochir-Goryaeva, M.A. 2019. In Byulleten' Kalmytskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN (Bulletin of the Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences) 4, 5—60. DOI: 10.22162/2587-6503-2019-4-12-560 (in Russian).
  • Olbrycht, M. 2015. Arsacid Iran and the Nomads of Central Asia — Ways of Cultural Transfer. In: Bemmann, J., Schmauder, M. (eds.). Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE. Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie; Rheinische Friedrich-WilhelmsUniversität Bonn, 333—390 (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology 7).
  • Oliver, A.Jr. 1965: Two Hoards of Republican Silver. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 13 (5), 177—185.
  • Otchir-Goriaeva, M. 2002. Das sarmatische Grab von Jaskul', Kalmykien. Eurasia antiqua 8, 353—387.
  • oxalid.arch.ox.ac.uk: 1: OXALID. Oxford Archaeological Lead Isotope Database. Available at: http:// https://oxalid.arch.ox.ac.uk/The%20Database/TheDatabase.htm (accessed 11.01.2022).
  • Özen, F., Arik, S. 2015. O and Pb Isotopic Evidence on the Origin of the inkaya (Simav-Kütahya) Cu—Pb— Zn—(Ag) Prospect, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 70, 262—280.
  • Painter, K., 2001. The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii. IV. The Silver Treasure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pernice, E., Winter, F., 1901. Der Hildesheimer Silberfund. Berlin: W. Spemann.
  • Pfeiler, I. 1977. Der Thron der Achaimeniden als Herrschaftssymbol auf sasanidischen Münzen. Schweizer Münzblätter 23—27 (1973—1977), 107—111.
  • Podushkin, A.N. 2012. In Stratum plus (4), 31—53 (in Russian).
  • Pugachenkova, G.A. 1987. In: Pugachenkova, G.A. Iz khudozhestvennoy sokrovishchnitsy Srednego Vostoka (From the Artistic Treasury of the Middle East). Tashkent: Izdatel'stvo literatury i iskusstva, 56—65 (in Russian).
  • Pugachenkova, G.A. 1989a. Drevnosti Miankalya. Iz rabot Uzbekistanskoy iskusstvovedcheskoy ekspeditsii (Antiquities of Miankal. From the Works of the Uzbekistan Art History Expedition). Tashkent: Fan (in Russian).
  • Pugachenkova, G.A. 1989b. In: Pugachenkova, G.A. (ed.). Antichnyye i rannesrednevekovye drevnosti Yuzhnogo Uzbekistana (Antique and Early Medieval Antiquities of Southern Uzbekistan). Tashkent: Fan, 96—110 (in Russian).
  • Puzdrovskiy, A.E. 2007. Krymskaya Skifiya. II v. do n.e. — III v. n.e. Pogrebal'nye pamyatniki (Crimean Scythia. 2nd century BCE — 3rd century CE. Burial Monuments). Simferopol: Biznes-Inform (in Russian).
  • Puzdrovskiy, A.E. 2009. In Stratum plus (4), 329—338 (in Russian).
  • Puzdrovskiy, A.E., Trufanov, A.A. 2017. Polevyye issledovaniya Ust'-Al'minskogo nekropolya v 2004— 2007 gg. (Field Studies of the Ust-Alma Necropolis in 2004—2007). Simferopol; Moscow: IP Zuyeva T.V. (Ust-Alma Settlement and Necropolis in the South-Western Crimea 2).
  • Raev, B.A. 1974. Vaisselle de bronze italique dans les tombes de la noblesse sarmate sur le Bas-Don. In: Actes des IIFs journées internationales consacrées à l'étude des bronzes romains. Bruxelles: Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 139—149 (Bulletin des Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire 46).
  • Raev, B.A. 1986. Roman Imports in the Lower Don Basin. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (British Archaeological Reports Intern. ser. 278).
  • Raev, B.A. 2006. In: Klepikov, V.M. (ed.). Rannesarmatskaya i srednesarmatskaya kul'tury: problemy sootnosheniya (Early Sarmatian and Middle Sarmatian Cultures: Correlation Problems). Iss. 1. Volgograd: Volgogradskoe nauchnoe izdatel'stvo, 91—100 (in Russian).
  • Raev, B.A., Simonenko, A.V. 2009. In: Furas'ev, A.G. (ed.). Gunny, goty i sarmaty mezhdu Volgoy i Dunayem (Huns, Goths and Sarmatians between the Volga and the Danube). Saint Petersburg: Fakul'tet filologii i iskusstv Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 65—79 (in Russian).
  • Rotroff, S.I. 1997. Hellenistic Pottery. Athenian and Imported Wheelmade Table Ware and Related Material. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies (The Athenian Agora XXIX).
  • Samashev, Z.S., Borodovskiy, A.P., 2004. In Arkheologiya, etnologiya i antropologiya Evrazii (Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia) 3(19), 82—87 (in Russian).
  • Schaaff, U. 1988. Keltische Helme. In: Antike Helme. Sammlung Lipperheide und andere Bestände des Antikenmuseums Berlin (Monographien RGZM 14). Mainz: von Zabern, 293—317.
  • Sergatskov, I.V. 2006. In: Klepikov, V.M. (ed.). Rannesarmatskaya i srednesarmat skaya kul'tury: problemy sootnosheniya (Early Sarmatian and Middle Sarmatian Cultures: Correlation Problems). Iss. 1. Volgograd: Volgogradskoe nauchnoe izdatel'stvo, 37—58 (in Russian).
  • Shilov, V.P. 1974. In Kratkie soobscheniya instituta arkheologii (Brief Reports of the Institute of Archaeology) 138, 60—65 (in Russian).
  • Shilov, V.P. 1975. Ocherki po istorii drevnikh piemen Nizhnego Povolzh'ya (Essays on the History of the Ancient Tribes of the Lower Volga Region). Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).
  • Shokov, A.F. 1960. In: Vladislavskaya, M.S., Solov'ev A.P. (eds.). Trudy Voronezhskogo oblastnogo kraevedcheskogo muzeya (Proceedings of the Voronezh Regional Museum of Local Lore) 1, 149—156 (in Russian).
  • Shul'ga, P.I. 2015. Snaryazhenie verkhovoy loshadi v Gornom Altaye i Verkhnem Priob'ye (Riding Horse Equipment in the Altai Mountains and the Upper Ob). Pt. II. VI—III vv. do n.e. (6th—3rd Centuries BCE). Novosibirsk: Novosibirskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet.
  • Simonenko, A.V. 2014. In Stratum plus (4), 249—284 (in Russian).
  • Simonenko, A.V. 2015. Sarmatskiye vsadniki Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (Sarmatian Riders of the North Pontic Region). Kyiv: Oleg Filyuk (in Russian).
  • Simonenko, A.V., Lobay, B.I. 1991. Sarmaty Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomor'ya v I v. n.e. (Sarmatians of the North-Western Black Sea Region in the Ist century CE). Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Russian).
  • Skalon, K.M. 1961. In Arkheologicheskiy Sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (The Archaeological Collection of the State Hermitage Museum) 2, 114—140 (in Russian).
  • Skripkin, A.S. (ed.). 2013. Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Volgogradskoy oblasti. K I00-letiyu Volgogradskogo oblastnogo krayevedcheskogo Muzeya (Archaeological Heritage of the Volgograd Region. To the I00th Anniversary of the Volgograd Regional Museum of Local Lore). Volgograd: Izdatel (in Russian).
  • Skripkin, A.S. 2000. In Nizhnevolzhskiy arkheologicheskiy vestnik (The Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin) 3, 17—40 (in Russian).
  • Smekalova, T. 2009. The Earliest Application of Brass and "Pure" Copper in the Hellenistic Coinages of Asia Minor and the Northern Black Sea Coast. In: Hojte, J.M., Rasmussen L.B. (eds.). Mithridates VIand the Pontic Kingdom. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 233—249.
  • Solomonik, E.I. 1959. Sarmatskiye znaki Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (Sarmatian Signs of the North Pontic Region). Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Russian).
  • Stacey, J., Kramers, I. 1975. Approximation of Terrestrial Lead Isotope Evolution by a Two-Stage Model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 26, 2, 207—221.
  • Stos-Gale, Z., Gale, N. 1981. Sources of Galena, Lead and Silver in Predynastic Egypt. Revue d'Archeometrie 1 (1), 285—296.
  • Stos-Gale, Z., Gale, N. 2009. Metal Provenancing using Isotopes and the Oxford Archaeological Lead Isotope Database (OXALID). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1, 195—213.
  • Tassinari, S. 1993. Il vasellame bronzeo di Pompei. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider.
  • Tokhtas'yev, S.R. 2015. In: Kazanskiy, N.N. (ed.). Indoevropeyskoye yazykoznanie i klassicheskaya filologiya — XIX: chteniya pamyati I.M. Tronskogo. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii, 22—24 iyunya 20I5 g. (Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology — XIX: Readings in Memory of I.M. Tronsky. Proceedings of the International Conference, June 22—24, 20I5). Saint Petersburg: Nauka, 890—898 (in Russian).
  • Treister, M. 2002. Two Golden Bracelets from Olbia in the Walters Art Gallery. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 8, 17—68.
  • Treister, M. 2004. Cloisonne-and Champleve-decoration in the Gold Work of the Late Hellenistic — Early Imperial Periods. Acta Archaeologica 75.2, 189—219.
  • Treister, M. 2005. On a Vessel with Figured Friezes from a Private Collection, on Burials in Kosika and Once More on the "Ampsalakos School. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 11.3—4, 199— 255.
  • Treister, M.Yu. 2007a. In: Mordvintseva, V.I., Treister, M.Yu. Proizvedeniya torevtiki i yuvelirnogo iskusstva v Severnom Prichernomor'ye. II v. do n.e. — II v. n.e. (Works of Toreutics and Jewelry Art in the North Pontic Region. 2nd century BCE — 2nd century CE). Vol. 1. Simferopol; Bonn: Tarpan, 15—194 (in Russian).
  • Treister, M.Yu. 2007b. In: Mordvintseva, V.I., Treister, M.Yu. Proizvedeniya torevtiki i yuvelirnogo iskusstva v Severnom Prichernomor'ye. II v. do n.e. — II v. n.e. (Works of Toreutics and Jewelry Art in the North Pontic Region. 2nd century BCE — 2nd century CE). Vol. 1. Simferopol; Bonn: Tarpan, 295— 305 (in Russian).
  • Treister, M. 2013. Nomaden an der Schnittstelle von transeurasischen Karawanenrouten (Importobjekte aus den spätsarmatischen Gräbern von Lebedevka). In: Stöllner, T., Samasev, Z. (Hrsg.). Unbekanntes Kasachstan: Archäologie im Herzen Asiens. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 733—748.
  • Treister, M.Yu. 2018. In Materialy po arkheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Prichernomor'ya (Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region) 10, 118—210 (in Russian).
  • Treister, M. 2019. Roman bronze vessels with signs of repair from Sarmatia. In: Baas, P. (ed.). Proceedings of the XXth International Congress on Ancient Bronzes: resource, reconstruction, representation, role. Oxford: BAR Publishing, 177—187 (British Archaeological Reports Intern. Ser. 2958). .
  • Treister, M.Yu. 2020a. In Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury (Problems of History, Philology and Culture) (4), 41—109.
  • Treister, M.Yu. 2020b. In: Belousov, A.V., Ilyushechkina Ye.V. (eds.). Homo omnium horarum: Sbornik statey v chest' 70-letiya A. V. Podosinova (Homo omnium horarum: Collection of Articles in Honor of the 70th Anniversary of A.V. Podosinov). Moscow: Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo, 565—610 (in Russian).
  • Treister, M.Yu. 2021. In Drevnosti Bospora (Antiquities of the Bosporus) 26, 260—288 (in Russian).
  • Treister et al. 2013: Treister, M.Yu., Kurinskikh, O.I., Meshcheryakov, D.V., Ravich, I.G., Solov'yeva, L.N., Chugaev, A.V., Yablonskiy, L.T. 2013. In Vestnik drevney istorii (Journal of Ancient History) 2 (285), 180— 203 (in Russian).
  • Trufanov, A.A. 2009. In Stratum plus 4 (2005—2009), 117—328 (in Russian).
  • Voronyatov, S.V. 2009. In: Furas'ev, A.G. (ed.). Gunny, goty i sarmaty mezhdu Volgoy i Dunayem (Huns, Goths and Sarmatians between the Volga and the Danube). Saint Petersburg: Fakul'tet filologii i iskusstv Saint Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 80—98 (in Russian).
  • Winkelmann, S. 2006. Waffen und Waffenträger auf parthischen Münzen. Parthica 8, 131—152.
  • Yahalom-Mack et al. 2015. Yahalom-Mack, N., Langgut, D., Dvir, O., Tirosh, O., Eliyahu-Behar, A., Erel, Y., Langford, B., Frumkin, A., Ullman, M., Davidovich, U. The Earliest Lead Object in the Levant. PLoS ONE 10, 12: e0142948. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142948.
  • Yener et al. 1991. Yener, K., Sayre, E., Joel, E., Ozbal, Barnes, I., Brill, R. Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Central Taurus Ore Sources and Related Artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 18, 541—577.
  • Zasetskaya, I.P. 2008. In: Zasetskaya, I.P. (ed.). Sokrovishcha sarmatov. Katalog vystavki. K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya B.B. Piotrovskogo (Treasures of the Sarmatians. Exhibition catalogue. To the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of B.B. Piotrovsky). Saint Petersburg; Azov: Azovskiy muzey-zapovednik, 29— 43 (in Russian).
  • Zasetskaya, I.P. 2011. Sokrovishha kurgana Khokhlach. Novocherkasskiy klad (Treasures of Burial-mound Khokhlach. Novocherkassk Treasure). Saint Petersburg: Gosudarstvennyy Ermitazh (in Russian).
  • Zasetskaya, I.P. 2016. In: Luk'yashko, S.I. (ed.). Antichnaya tsivilizatsiya i varvarskiy mir Ponto-Kaspiyskogo regiona. Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, posvyashchennoy 70-letnemu yubileyu B.A. Raeva. Kagal'nik, 20—21 oktyabrya 2016 g. (Ancient Civilization and the Barbarian World of the Ponto-Caspian Region. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference with international Participation, dedicated to the 70th Anniversary of B.A. Raev. Kagalnik, October 20—21, 2016). Rostov-on-Don: Yuzhnyy nauchnyy tsentr RAN, 90—105 (in Russian).
  • Zasetskaya, I.P. 2019. Iskusstvo zverinogo stilya sarmatskoy epokhi (II v. do n.e. — nachalo II v. n.e.) (The Art of the Animal Style of the Sarmatian Period (2nd century BCE — early 2nd century CE)). Simferopol: Antikva (Archaeological Sites of the North Pontic Region 1) (in Russian).
Еще
Статья научная
SciUp 2024 © 2024 ©