Specifics of design and construction of low-rise buildings in the Arctic

Land territory of the Russian Federation Arctic zone (RFAZ) consists of Murmansk region, Nenets Autonomous Area (NAE), city of Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk, Severodvinsk as well as Primorsky, Mezen, Onega areas, Novaya Zemlya Island in Arkhangelsk region and other insular territories of the Russian European North1. Construction of rapidly erected comfortable low storey buildings increases quality of people’s lives in frigid climate and their more equal and rational settlement through the underdeveloped territory of RFAZ with extreme climate conditions. Such a way of settlement together with wide usage of modern technical equipment systems of automated monitoring could provide effective Russian land and water zone development in Arctic. One of the principles of state management in Russian Arctic becomes creation of procedural and institutional mechanism, which coordinates «appropriation of budget investments for building and modernization of housing resources and communal infrastructure with mandatory application of block-module and energy-conservative technologies as well as independent life-support systems» [1, p. 346]. It is evident, that nowadays for modernization of Arctic infrastructure there must be involved innovation approaches including modern technologies, national safety, preservation of environment and sources of funding [2, pp. 176-177]. By that means, as scientists notice, infrastructure challenges are characterized by limited numbers of objects which promote development of innovation activities in most of Northern regions [3, p. 78], and its reаcting is refrained by underdevelopment of infrastructure of economic entities’ confidence, which embarrass the launch of innovation projects also in Arkhangelsk region [4, pp. 177—181].

Practice of designing and construction of timber buildings in Arctic

Norway has a great practice of use of comfortable energy-efficient timber buildings with self-efficient engineering systems of life-support in Arctic. During the period 1999—2011 in Arkhangelsk a great Russian-Norway scientific-educational project «Energy-efficient timber house for North-western part of Russia» was successfully carried out including ground works, which was finished with construction of experiment double-storey house in Arkhangelsk State technical university (now — NArFU). Its technical equipment and design solution allow conducting complex tests of new protective and decorative coverings. The house consists of five modules: four main and portal, as well as set of roof. Modules had fine finish, mounted engineering systems of lifesupport and in-built furniture including kitchen equipment. They were brought from Norway by means of marine transport and in a few hours they were assembled in ready foundation, connected with elements of exterior autonomous system of life-support engineering nets. A number of sections were organized in building envelope, where it was possible to set new types of insulants and provide its systems tests in real conditions of the Arctic zone. By that through all the building envelopes a sensing system was fixed, which registered all the deformations, changing of construction materials’ and environmental temperature-humidity conditions.

Timber buildings are radio transparent, they don’t disfigure natural electromagnetic phone. It allows using wireless sensors not only inside, but also outside the house with the aim of environmental parameters’ monitoring, visual control and objects. Lack of line communications except perils of networks’ damage and provide furtivity of various radio controlled sensors’ location. Different types of sensors are used, which work on the basis of wireless connections: fire safety system, for temperature, humidity and deformations measurement and other. For increase of special accumulators’ resources sensors’ measurement transmission is carried out inconstantly, but only in standard conditions in asked radio-frequency signal in keeping with accepted method of monitoring. For comparative control of their test value for research goals a system of sensors with line communications is also used. Sensor values on-line are delivered through internet in the centre of automatic processing, then the processed information comes back to explorer of the house to his computer or mobile phone. During the first year of house exploitation on alarm signal of sensors, which came at nighttime on the phone of explorer, who was abroad, flooding of the house ground floor was prevented. This flooding was a

Арктика и Север. 2014. № 17 consequence of break in socket joint of cold water supply. Accident prevention was carried out by duty officers of the university by operator command.

Needful for researcher characteristic curves of registrable parameters are lined up automatically while processing of indications. It allows to develop new materials and enclosure structures for arctic zone. The house is fitted with effective controlled system of recuperation, which provides heat exchange between ingoing and deaerated air with demanded intensity of its substitution in houses. There are great horizons for a system of automized monitoring for management of house indoor environment characteristics with the aim of creation of comfortable conditions for habitation of people and economy of power resources.

Damage accumulation in protective/decorative coatings and constructional materials takes place in the Arctic zone manifold faster than on the territories with milder climate because of fleet process of sweating while changing of temperature-humidity conditions of exploitation. Intensive destruction is caused by water volume expansion in constructional materials by its freezing. By that, design, construction and exploitation errors of real property appear rather fast. Remedies of faults come at a greater price in the Arctic zone than in other territories.

Nowadays a government business enterprise «Support Fund for the Reform of the Housing and Utilities Sector» cuts down public funding on account of private investment involvement, by that fact 90% of houses are bought but not constructed. Introduction of amendments to laws in force is current nowadays, what is especially important for RFAZ, where about 90% of new houses, taken into use, are low-storey. That’s why a suggestion was proposed to make in project FZ №171692-6, article 49, part 3.4 following changes: «Planning documentation of all new objects, which are either constructed or bought through the budget system of the RF, are entitled to ex-pertise». For development of low-storey housebuilding it is important to overview the project FZ №526013-6 on changes of town-planning complex of the RF and Code of administrative violations in State Duma.

In current practice of housebuilding grounds for building constructions of social and municipal housing in territorial entities of the RF are often given in urban fringes, where parcels of land are cheaper but social, transport and engineering infrastructure is less developed. Resettlement of citizens to urban fringes from the well-known areas is stressful for them, develops the feeling of social injustice and creates social tension. Most time of their lives they begin to spend in transport during their work trips. Housing density in houses, constructed according to size standards of social and municipal buildings is high, though the parking structures and garages usually provided in minimum allowed norms, and they are usually not enough. During design and construction in urban fringes it is important to take into account that cars help to increase mobility of citizens, obtain more well-paid job and to improve their material well-being. It is primarily important for active and independent young people.

Nowadays it is normal to reduce the size of social flats and the hight of buildings to minimum permissible dimensions for costs reasons. There are more costs on designing of such buildings, but it is less comfortable to live there. Designing on the principle of fitting of floor spaces to minimum holds down amenities and ergonomity of housing. The possibility of gaining economic effect from use of modular dimension building products to the full extent is ruled out. During construction everything has to be snubbed and fitted, that’s why labor contributions and amount of waste products grow. As a result judgmental factor effect on common quality of housing rises steeply. By the current approach in construction of new houses the main goal — increase of living standards — is not achieved, though budget funds for that are spent to the fullest extent.

Of special note is specific character of Arkhangelsk geological profile. Its main part is situated in muck territory, which used to be the bottom of wide estuary of the Northern Dvina River. Depth of turf in Arkhangelsk is higher (in some areas — more than 20 m) than in Saint-Petersburg, for example.

Great number of mud bands of different thickness are represented on the territory of Arkhangelsk. Necessity of pile foundations use boosts cost and period of construction, and Arctic climate conditions additionally generate a negative impact. In such a way relative density of fundaments in common value of buildings is higher than during construction without stilts. As a result a real total cost of 1 square meter of housing in muck territory of Arkhangelsk is much higher than during construction in more mild geological and climate profiles. Pointed out misbalance adversely affects quality of construction and lifetime of works as well as it seriously complicates attraction of investors from other regions.

Nevertheless, when calculating the cost of 1 square meter of housing, which is constructed financed from the budget, it isn’t taken into consideration to the full extent. Moreover, not all the builders from other regions, who win competitive tendering by means of price low-balling, have the practice in construction of pile foundations and are not ready for appreciation and difficulties of construction in cold climatic conditions. A number of incidents are noticed when in pursuit to minimize financial charges and time consumption (during erection of reinforced-concrete foundations technological intervals are needed for hardening of concrete, its expensive heating up because of low temperature and special chemical additives) during construction of two- and three-storey apartments, some builders used rotary bored cast-in-place piles. Pile of such a construction has propeller driven cap beneath and hollow supporting pipe-baluster. During exploitation steel walls of such a pile are actively coordinated at the level of ground surface, which could result in failure of permanent apartment building. Working life of such piles is lower than erected constructions on them, which is unwarrantable. That’s why during construction of building it is forbidden to use rotary bored cast-in-place piles in the form of balusters, made of hollow tubes, which have wall thickness from 4 to 10 mm (deviations are possible). For such piles eccentric loading is especially dangerous, which happens during its installation under foundation frames with yield from designed pins.

Practice of construction in frigid climate shows that special attention should be paid to quality control of design considerations and productions of construction work when use of foam polystyrene panels. Number of incidents are educed when for costs reasons some builders used cheap foam polystyrene with low fire resisting property in comparison with design consideration. Back draught is especially dangerous. Moreover, it is important to take into consideration the fact that by variable temperature-humidity exposures with extreme lapse rate of temperature during long exploitation of foam polystyrene fire retarding materials could expulse. In case of fire it constitutes a danger for people’s life. By that special attention is important to pay to evaluation of quality of magnesium oxide boards, which are often used for outside finish of enclosure and load carrying structures with the aim of fire protection. The problem is that on the construction site it is impossi- ble to estimate the proportion and quality of Magnesium oxide boards in a proper way. It can be done only in laboratory settings with use of expensive X-ray crystal analysis. If a major emergency arises timber houses on nailed connections «jump the piles», «roundly defecting» because of dowel pin’s flow, without further progressive collapse (as distinct from houses of other construction), ensuring escape of human losses.

Fundamental legal principles of designing and construction works

Federal law 02.07.2013 №185-FZ «Technical standard of buildings’ and constructions’ care»2 was adopted with the aim of protecting people’s life and health, different forms of property; natural environment protection, protection of animals’ and plants’ life and health; caution of actions which disorient buyers; providing of energy efficiency of houses and constructions. This legislative act sets forth the minimum necessary requirements on providing safety of houses and constructions (including nets and systems of engineering infrastructures), as well as connected with houses and constructions processes of designing (including survey investigations), construction, rigging up, balancing, exploitation and utilization (wracking). Demands of overviewed law contemplate organization of mechanical and fire safety; safety by dangerous natural processes and phenomenon and (or) man-made impacts; safe for people’s health conditions of living and residence in houses and constructions; safety when use of houses and constructions; availability of houses and constructions for disabled people; energy efficiency of houses and constructions; safe exposure level of houses and constructions on environment.

The pointed out legislative act establish in article 41 rules of voluntary (not necessary) compliance assessment of houses and constructions, and also connected processes of designing (including survey investigations), construction, rigging up, balancing, exploitation and utilization (wracking). A voluntary compliance assessment of houses and constructions, and also connected processes of designing (including survey investigations), construction, rigging up, balancing, exploitation and utilization (wracking) is provided in the form of non-state examination of engineering survey investigations’ results as well as planning documentation, architectural supervision, investigation of houses and constructions, conditions of foundations, building constructions and systems of engineering infrastructure in forms, set forth by Russian legislation. A voluntary compliance assessment of houses and constructions, and also connected processes of designing (in-

Арктика и Север. 2014. № 17 cluding survey investigations), construction, rigging up, balancing, exploitation and utilization (wracking) is carried out according to the procedure established by Russian legislation.

By the Federal law 18.07.2011 №243-ФЗ 3 the duty is established to provide the designer’s supervision of design organization, which developed the documentation during construction, reconstruction, major repairs, technical re-equipping, conservation and dissolution of dangerous manufacturing site. This point was added since the 22nd of July 2011 by the Federal law 18.12.2006 №232-ФЗ; in editorial board, which was put into effect since 22nd of July 2011 by the Federal law 18.07.2011 №243-ФЗ.

According to current building regulations BR 48.1330.20114, designers provide architectural supervision during construction of dangerous manufacturing sites, as well as special danger technically complicated and unique facilities. In other circumstances architectural supervision is carried out just by the wish of investor (owner), who could abandon it under color of cost cutting and it will be legally. Such a situation takes place practically all over the country.

The overviewed building rules are accepted by former RF Ministry of Regional Development, registered by the Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency but they are not included in list of construction standards and regulations, necessary for use and serve as guidelines. This statutory document is not spread to housing and constructions, which building, according to urban development legislation, could be carried out without building permission, and also to private residential structures constructed by builders (private persons) by themselves on their private territories, including labour power intake. Consequently, current statutory document (BR 48.1330.2011) doesn’t provide designer supervision’s conduct of construction of low-storey buildings (hight up to three storeys and more than four section) with common floor area up to 1500 square meters4.

Unprincipled investors and contractors widely use the right not to let oversight bodies to enter their projects under construction. They go through the main efforts not of providing service reliability and lasting quality of newbuilds, but of their «beautiful» decoration. As usual, they try to settle this buildings as fast as possible, breaking building legislation and paying punitive damages.

By attempts to realize complex of actions on corrective measures in new buildings, local government authorities usually meet appearance of local social tension among housemates because of establishing inconveniences for them.

The overviewed set of rules BR 48.1330.2011 extends to construction of new buildings, and reconstruction and demolition of already existed houses and constructions, which are done according to building permission, achieved in accordance with the established procedure. These rules also extend to land improvement of the site and land use engineering. During construction of line structures, electric power transmission and communication lines, delivery pipes,and other facilities of technical infrastructure as well as railways right of way, right of roads and other transport routes must be additionally taken into account demands of current statutory documents. Pointed rules also don’t extend to production of materials, items and constructions on enterprises of construction industry and construction materials producing industry.

Unfortunately, during the choice of contractors for accomplishment of exploratory and designing fieldworks, situated in remoted Arctic area, which includes investigation of objects and estimate of their technical state, as well as expertise of design specifications and estimates, according to the Federal law 05.04.2013 №44-FZ5, lowest price is considered to be the basic index. By that, existence of positive practice in extreme conditions of the North by potential builders and contractors, proper account is not taken. For risk reduction of dingy participants’ win, customers try to add into preliminary specifications list of technically justified special objectives during documents preparation for holding of competitive tenders or auctions. But, as a rule, companies’ lawyers by outgoing methods with use of applications and litigations protest them. And they grasp these contracts with dumping prices. Further inordinate savings entail a great number of mistakes, on which clearance great budget funds of the RF are applied. Some contractors use unskilled staff, low-quality materials and lagging technologies. Analysis of the practicing experience of competitive tenders and auctions show that some lawyers abuse «legitimate interests» for lucrative purposes, which are given to them also because of imperfection of current laws; and they negatively influence financial standings in the field of construction.

Records of staffing qualification and supportability, which are are announced by contractors and investors in self-regulating organisations for achieving permit to corresponding works, are often not answerable to state of things. Control on correspondence of declared and actual values

Арктика и Север. 2014. № 17 on behalf of public prosecution service and other regulatory agencies is often conducted after already happened emergency situations or accident involving injuries. Preventive maintenances in this field is not practiced nowadays as is considered to be overviewed as administrative barrier.

Sometimes there are cases, when operational safety and lasting quality of designed new buildings don’t correspond to the goal6. Results of work of State autonomous institution of the Arkhangelsk region «Management of state examination», which possesses qualified experts with solid groundings in work with buildings, exploited in territories with extremely frigid climate, attest to that fact. During 2007 from 237 given expert findings for design specifications and estimates, 91 (38,4%) of project considerations (including cost calculations), experts had to return on construction, 2008 from 263 — 142 (54%), 2009 from 273 — 100 (36,63%), 2010 from 425 — 195 (45,88%), 2011 from 359 — 128 (35,65%), 2012 from 436 — 160 (36,7%), 2013 г. from 345 — 100 (28,99%), for 9 months of 2014 from 208 — 66 (31,73%). Because of it, later, great expenses for control of intolerable errors, which were inevitable during realization of flaw designs, were prevented.

After accomplishment of Parliament procedures in the State Duma of the RF, RF Government Decree № 984 from 25.09.2014 «On making amendments in some acts of the RF government» was adopted. Some changes were introduced in organization and carrying out expert examination of design documentation and results of engineering investigation concerning objects which are constructed by means of state budget as well as in inspection procedures of consistency of buildings’ costing. Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation in a twomonth period was charged to approve specifications of e-documents’ formats, which are presented for carrying out of design documentation state expertise and of engineer surveys results. It was determined that consistency checks of capital construction projects’ costing, which is constructed by means of state budget, as well as State expert examination of planning documentation and engineering investigation concerning objects which construction and reconstruction is done by means of state budget, which beginning took place before the overviewed law with its edition, must be accomplished by bodies (state establishments) who had already begun it. At the state level carrying out expert examination on federal ownership objects and state enterprises objects, for example, JSC «Sevmash» and JSC «Zvezdochka» has already been stopped.

In Arkhangelsk region, where construction of low-storey buildings prevails, suggestions of expert society on creation of regional law on construction of low-storey buildings are being overviewed. These suggestions are discussed in mass media, in conferences and meetings with active participation of deputy corps of Arkhangelsk regional deputy meeting and in community boards. A working group on preprocessing of regional building legislation was founded in regional administration.

In keeping with item 5.2.38 of article 5 of Charter of the Ministry of construction and Municipal Affairs and Housing of the RF, approved by RF Government Decree 18.11.2013, № 1038 order of 88.09.2014, №525/pr7 indexes of average market price of one square meter of accommodation floor area in territorial entities of the RF for the IVth quarter of 2014 were accepted. These indexes are entitled to be used by regional and federal executive authorities for sizing of social transfers for citizens, to whom these social insurance benefits are given for purchase of accommodations by means of state budget. Specified indexes of average market price of accommodation floor in territorial entities of the RF are given in table 1.

Table 1

Indexes of average market price of one square meter of accommodation floor area in territorial entities of the RF for the IVth quarter of 2014

№ Ser. No	federal district	number of territorial entities	average market price of one square meter of accommodation (rub.) / territorial entities of the RF
			average value	Min	Max
1	Central Federal District	18	35 821,94	25 601,00 the Kursk Region	90 400,00 Moscow
2	Northwestern Federal District	11	39 944,64	31 884,00 the Kaliningrad Region	56237,00 St. Petersburg
3	Southern Federal District	6	29 276,67	24 170,00 the Republic of Kalmykia	34 780,00 the Rostov Region
4	North Caucasian Federal District	7	26 211,43	23 073,00 the Karachayevo-Cherkessian Republic	30 000,00 Chechen Republic
5	Volga Federal District	14	32 020,14	26 967,00 the Saratov Region	38 627,00 the Nizhni Novgorod Region

7 Ministry of construction and Municipal Affairs and Housing of the RF decree 08.09.2014 №525/pr «on indexes of average market price of one square meter of accommodation floor area in territorial entities of the RF for the IVth quarter of 2014». Registered in Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation 30.09.2014, № 34202. URL: (accessed 17.11.2014).

6	Urals Federal District	6	37 845,33	29 108,00 the Chelyabinsk Region	46 122,00 the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District
7	Siberian Federal District	12	33 666,25	31 333,00 the Republic of Khakassia	38 926,00 Krasnoyarsk Krai
8	Far Eastern Federal District	9	41 912,78	32 793,00 the Chukotka Autonomous District	51 989,00 the Sakhalin Region
9	the Crimea	2	29 500,00	29 000,00 Republic of Crimea	30 000,00 Sevastopol
	Russian Federation	85	34 810,47	23 073,00	90 400,00

When accommodation of people’s resettlement is bought at the price higher than the given one, the difference must be paid from regional and (or) federal budget. It is forbidden to draw funds of state corporation «Support Fund for the Reform of the Housing and Utilities Sector» in these purposes.

The highest price of one square meter of accommodation floor area is recognized in Moscow — 90 400, Saint Petersburg — 56 237, the Nenets Autonomous District (NAD) — 53 481. More than 40 000 rub. for 1 m2 are recognized: in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District — 46 122, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) — 45 442, Arkhangelsk region — 40 889, the Khanty-Mansijsk Autonomous District — Yugra — 40 882, the Republic of Karelia — 40 145. It is worth noticing that accommodation in the Leningrad Region is cheaper than in the Arkhangelsk region because for government of regions with frigid climate it is difficult to achieve success in out migrations, especially of qualified specialists, who are in demand at labor market. Analysis of the data given in table 1 shows that an average market price of 1 m2 of accommodation floor area in 85 entities of the RF including Crimea is 34 810,47 rub. The highest price of accommodation is in Far Eastern Federal District — 41 912,78 rub., and the lowest — in North Caucasian Federal District — 26 211,43 rub., h.e. 1,6 times lower.

Analysis of current practice of construction in the RF with use of budget funds showed that, for example, houses made from brick and expanded plastic cardinally vary in prime costs, level of solidity and safety, and price of 1 square meter in these houses is practically the same. In future such a situation organizes risks of socio-economic problems and makes difficulties for all vertical power structure.

Situation must be changed. Firstly with the help of regional mass media it is worth organizing a purposeful and system-based activities to inform population on disadvantages and disadvan- tages of houses of different constructions. It will allow to form a qualified consumer demand for accommodation and will influence the development of social control over the field of construction. An indispensable condition — activity of experts, who will be enlisted the services, must be really adequate and unprejudiced.

Moreover, it is important to promote activities for bringing to responsibility of those advertising providers, who give corrupt and aggressive advertisement. It is worth taking into account, that in conditions of market according to regulations, the chief goal of any commercial activity is to market as much as possible of their products and services to obtain marginal profit. Out country’s particularity is that most of citizens of older and average ages save credence to mass media because their thinking, which is common to socialist society, based on collectivism and authority credibility, who is obliged to take care of them, hasn’t practically changed. Their vision of private property is limited to everything connected with family and as usual it doesn’t extend to production facilities and resources.

Senior executives in administration of all the branches must be chosen on grounds of professionalism. More often senior executives are «dislodged» when change of leadership after elections. Many of those who came recently in the first instance are not ready to solve the challenge by themselves and they even don’t know where to find those who are able to solve it. By the time, when recently come executives accumulate enough experience, and become professionals who are ready to defend a decision and their opinion another change of leadership takes place. Number of changes happen again but at the same time already formed professionals. Solve of this challenge becomes harder because of lack of enough number of qualified specialists, especially of technical profile.

Social estimate of the situation with old housing stock on the North witnesses the fact that many citizens who live in city centers in two-storey old log apartments on timber piles, obtain conveniences not to the full extent, though they are patient in these difficulties. Their motivation includes the fact that they value habitual comfortable infrastructure of the center of the city. Their children attend schools, nursery schools on an area basis, there are rather low prices in neighborhood supermarkets, theaters, museums, other cultural establishments and athletic facilities e.t.c. are situated nearby. This factor must be anyway taken into account during design of new construction with use of budget funds.

When location of new houses on the outskirts social and economic effects from state’s investments in housing construction become lower. It leads to write down of commercial price of small-size accommodation. Citizens who achieved small-size accommodation in the center could when it is needful to change their accommodation for other of the bigger size, though not in the center. Lack of clear building demands to location of social and municipal housing leads to system weakness in town-planning policy. Taking into account great volumes of state investments in residential development it considers to be a serious economic felony. Hostages of the situation with imperfection of current legislation in the area of construction are considered to be chiefs of territorial entities and municipal districts, especially of chief architects’ service, projects expertise, architecture-building supervision, construction customers and others. It is worth noticing that in administration establishment of some country municipal establishments there are no qualified and skilled professionals of architecture-construction profile with management skills and knowledge of budget discipline. At the same time chief architects of municipal territorial entities assume responsibility for all the risks in future in future, when signing a statement of a building approval, where they acknowledge the compliance of safety and energy efficiency according to Federal law 185-FZ from 02.07.2013 8. By that they are not entitled to influence the decision making but have to act cameral, just on technicalities, based on given for them documentation, during which preparing prejudicial data submission is not excluded.

For law enforcement officers it is well-known that in thickly settled regions with low incomes risk of criminalization and creation of social tension grow. That’s why in Germany and other developed countries, for example, new buildings are preferred to be located not in certain microdistricts, but along the territory of locations. Because of it society is provided with reduction of differences on level of living standards, as well as focal concentration of population density is not allowed. The overviewed last factor is important for organization of transport optimal performance, distribution of car parkings, underground garages or many-storey garages and so on.

Conclusion

Examination of the practice of modern housing construction in our city shows, that changes in the RF legislation in the branch of specification of claims on location of accommodation designed on social and municipal norms escalated 9. Even distribution of such buildings in inhabited areas of city and country settlements could allow to increase user value of efficiency apartments. State investments in major construction work of longstanding, comfortable and ergonomic small apartments could give social and economic effect, including the Arctic zone of the RF.

With the goal of perfection of current legislation it is viable to introduce current changes in set of rules SR 42.1330.2011. To add current explanatory note to paragraph 5.5. section 5 «resi-dence buildings»: «Buildings designed according to norms of social and municipal housing must be uniformly placed on the territories of living zones of city and country settlements taking into account current or designed social, transport and engineering infrastructure». All the suggested innovations in the RF legislation pass examination procedure in administration of Arkhangelsk region and city chamber of deputies. The pointed suggestion must be taken into account during development of technical regulations of the Customs Union, which are accepted by decision of Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission.