Стратегия развития и экономического прогресса: проблемы и возможности сельского предпринимательства

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It is often understood that areas devoid of metropolitan centers are known as rural areas, sometimes called the countryside. You could hear "the countryside" or "rural areas" used interchangeably. "Rural area" is the word used to describe places like these. The presence of communities or urban centers inside the borders of rural regions is not uncommon. The concept of rural entrepreneurship originated in a rural area. Agarwal and colleagues defined rural entrepreneurship for the public in 2009. The study's authors defined it as "entrepreneurship that emerges at the village level and acts as a potent factor for economic development." The year 2009 saw the debut of this concept [1]. One may use a term like this to characterize the entrepreneurial spirit common in rural regions. As an entrepreneur, you have a lot of leeway to dream up and implement ideas in a wide variety of fields; here are just a few examples: agriculture, industry, and commerce. Building with local materials improves quality of life and the local economy. Entrepreneurialism is a crucial factor in economic progress [2]. The idea of entrepreneurship, according to one school of thought, manifests itself in a wide range of entrepreneurial endeavors and has its roots on the village level. That's one of the arguments that is put forth.

The statement "it is the". More and more evidence has emerged in recent years linking entrepreneurial activity to the revitalization of rural areas. Many other techniques have shown this association. Despite the passage of many years, this bond has remained unchanged. A thriving economy and environment, along with improved living conditions for individuals, families, and communities, are all outcomes of entrepreneurial endeavors. A crucial link has been established here [3]. The persistence of an entrepreneurial mindset in more remote places might be attributed to many variables. Micro industries, small enterprises, agricultural techniques, and rural handicrafts are all examples of such elements. It is possible for rural communities to thrive for the foreseeable future because of the adaptability of this mindset.

Figure 1. Economic growth and development empowering in rural developments.

Рисунок 1. Экономический рост и развитие, способствующие развитию сельских районов.

Due to a lack of resources (such as knowledge, assistance, and mentoring opportunities), rural areas have put the entrepreneurial spirit into a state of slumber. Because of this, the entrepreneurial spirit has gone into hibernation. Despite the fact that the research mentioned originates from various countries, the findings are somewhat consistent across them all. The findings from these studies conflict with a survey conducted among business owners in Bangladesh [4]. These investigations were conducted under different conditions. The research was conducted on the same subject. This article aims to shed light on several attributes linked with entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Bangladesh by drawing on a number of previously published research studies. The study will mostly center on the nation of Bangladesh.

Table 1. Bangladeshi definitions of small, medium, and micro businesses.

Таблица 1. Определения малого, среднего и микробизнеса в Бангладеш.

Types of enterprise	Types of industry	Employees	Capital	Loan size
Microenterprise	Commerce and service, manufacturing, transportation and construction etc.	Mainly family members	Less than Tk. 1	Av. bank loans- Tk. 408,081,
Small enterprise	Commerce and service, manufacturing, transportation and	Less than 25 workers	Less than Tk, 15 million	Tk. 50,000 to 5 million
	construction etc.
	Commerce and service,
Medium	manufacturing,	25 to 100	Tk. 15 to -
enterprise	transportation and	workers	100 million	-
	construction etc.

Source: Bangladesh Bank (2010)

Conceptual assessments and study reviews reveal that most rural entrepreneurial studies have concentrated on female entrepreneurs with businesses in the industry. Research on entrepreneurial activity in rural areas appears to have garnered the majority of attention, leading to these findings. Despite their extensive work in the country's business community, analysts have yet to reach any definitive conclusions on entrepreneurial activity in Bangladesh's countryside [5]. Bangladeshi academics have mostly disregarded business community entrepreneurs based around the countryside. Given the significant variation across shapes and nations, it is crucial to conduct further research on this subject, taking into account factors such as geographic, economic, social, and political characteristics [6]. When undertaking a large-scale project, it is crucial to first conduct a thorough study on a smaller scale and then extrapolate the findings to the larger context. This has to be taken care of before drawing any broad conclusions concerning humanity as a whole [7]. A second opportunity arises when we can learn more about the humble beginnings, motivating reasons, and challenges faced by entrepreneurship in rural areas [8]. Bangladesh, a small island nation, is situated in the heart of the vast Indian Ocean. Examining the level of industrialization achieved by other countries is a crucial step. After reviewing the evidence, it's clear that studying village creativity in the delivery industry will greatly benefit Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND STUDY

Entrepreneurship in rural areas is impacted by factors such as age, gender, education, wealth, and family status. The study shows that there is no significant difference in wages, gender, or yearly revenue between siblings, female entrepreneurs, and male entrepreneurs [9]. Using their sophisticated skills and technology, about 25% of the entrepreneurs in Rangpur, Rajshahi, are women. The 6,000 small businesses in North Bengle employ more than 85,000 people, both formally and informally [10]. Aiming to empower citizens to participate in economies while accomplishing equitable social conditions, the citizen financial inclusion plan of 2016 seeks to slow the rapid expansion of foreign ownership of SBEs [11]. Startups in remote regions are the primary focus of this research. Gender, age, and level of knowledge were shown to have substantial effects on SBE earnings and efficiency in Nigeria [12]. Both solopreneurs and small businesses with long-term viability may benefit from a coordinated strategy. Micro and small businesses in the Assamese Hills encounter challenges associated with facility entrepreneurship, as well as social and economic factors. Challenges include optimizing the exploitation of ecosystems and expanding marketplaces for goods. Bilat, a resident of the village, was allegedly hit hard by unanticipated competition and inadequate financing [13]. Significant grants and subsidies are necessary to assist small-scale enterprises, according to study of fifty sole proprietors in the countryside of Uttar Pradesh [14]. It is possible that rural businesses may flourish and boost the economy if all of these issues are resolved. Rural areas see revenue growth due to entrepreneurial spirit. Human factors, such as social wealth, migration patterns, and family trees, all play a significant role [15]. Rural areas often attract entrepreneurs due to the abundance of interpersonal assets and connections found everywhere.

Microcredit programs include features that inspire rural women to start their own businesses, according to research [16]. According to studies, women entrepreneurs in rural Bangladesh are influenced by their financial management abilities and the degree to which they identify with a group when taking out loans. Argue that the majority of small-scale industrial (SSI) activities in both rural and urban NER states of India are related to production, installation, and processing [17]. Several of the rural areas have engaged in agricultural production, according to De and Das (2007). Tribal women are primarily responsible for creating ERI raw silk and ENDI fabrics. By raising household incomes, they help lift many people out of poverty. Both rural growth as well as business were recommended [18]. The majority of businesses are run by individuals or small families and funded by financial resources or relationships [19]. Economic opportunities, consumer demand, raw material accessibility, and low labor costs all play a role in rural business. Since the vast majority of Indians still call rural regions home, new ideas might inspire more business ownership there. Using tiny amounts of data, researchers investigate the different facets of countryside business ownership, suggesting that even a little invention in rural areas may benefit the majority of people and enhance the quality of life for countless Americans. The economic developments of eighty-two small-scale rural businesses in Kannur, Kerala, were examined [20]. Employment, earning potential, and raw material accessibility had a lesser impact than output, efficiency, diversity, funding, access to markets, and worker safety. The study recommended a variety of marketing strategies—including rural financial markets, trade fairs, marketing, and exhibitions—to help financially unstable RSSEs sell, lower prices, and enhance their manufacturing processes [21]. The growth and continued existence of rural economies are propelled by entrepreneurial spirit. Many variables influence the growth of small businesses at the neighborhood level and the increase of job opportunities in rural areas, according to research. Investigators in Lagos State, Nigeria, discovered that out of 320 participants, the majority were farmers holding one to two occupations. High costs of labor and limited funds were other factors that discouraged making investments in rural areas, according to the survey. Geographic factors impact each of the five phases of rural venture capital, according to the research [22]. Mitchell claims that the pursuit of success drove both male and female businesspeople in South Africa in 2004. Small-scale agricultural producers in Sri Lanka benefited from third-world business and planning, as reported [23]. A strategy for advertising to enterprising women in rural areas was created [24], based on previous investigations. Similar to previous enterprising theories, this one leverage regional connections as a promotional base, employs marketing tactics, innovates, gathers data, and utilizes local communication. According to [25], Italy's family-owned business sector is relatively small compared to other developed nations. A researcher argued that continuing the expansion of industries in rural areas would help reduce rural unemployment [26]. The importance of regional jobs in enterprises that absorb workers was also highlighted. A license and permission system that was both time-consuming and expensive impeded the growth of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), and demonstrated that 76.3% of rural businesspeople remained uneducated [27]. Salman identifies a number of external and internal variables that hinder the expansion of SMEs, including an absence of awareness of the new age and electronic commerce, the field of engineering, technical documents, data, expertise, financial, and legal frameworks in 2000. According to [28] hiring in many industries fails to enhance the added value of each employee. Joblessness and lower salaries will result from a large number of people joining these businesses. In order to teach innovators, all the organizations involved in the Business Development Program need to work together. The character of an individual is the most important factor in determining their level of company achievement. It is possible that flour milling, a tiny agricultural processing enterprise in Indonesia that studied [29], can increase the income of farmers and rural job opportunities. Approximately 95% of Indonesia consists of tiny food factories. surveyed 86 businessmen from 22 groups in seven Indian states and found that half did not complete high school while the remaining one-seventh pursued bachelor's degrees. Only 23% of businesspeople have any kind of formal education beyond a high school diploma or an occupational certificate [30]. A supportive setting is necessary for national businesspersons, according [31]. Small firms are the only ones that can survive in Bangladesh's underdeveloped finances, according [32]. In order to promote independence and reduce the exodus of businessmen to urban centers [33], stressed the need for business programs in economically disadvantaged rural areas of India. concluded that the selling caste in Mahantapur's handmade business was more likely to be entrepreneurial than the weaver’s community, based on an analysis of 200 previously established businesses from the tapestry versus non-weaving communities [34]. The term "countryside manufacturing" was first used [35] to describe the movement of manufacturing from large cities to smaller towns and rural regions, linking city assembly facilities alongside makers of parts and components in remote areas. Using the successes and failures of business owners in eleven Southeast Asian nations [36], developed a model of entrepreneurial growth. Most people who employ themselves do so because they have no other choice [37]. In the eyes of social scientists, entrepreneurial spirit is fundamental to growth in society and the economy.

METHODOLOGY

Source: Mohiuddun Muhammad (2007).

Figure 2. Rural enterprise concept overview.

Рисунок 2. Обзор концепции сельского предприятия.

The collection of information through a multitude of organizations, assistance organizations, and enterprises presents just one among the numerous hurdles encountered throughout research. Constraints of a period of time budget and spatial limitations necessitated a focused focus for the inquiry. This implies that the potential applicability of the findings and recommendations is limited. The following might be inferred as the final outcome. Notwithstanding these constraints, the accessible material has been carefully assessed with meticulousness and sophistication. This attempt aims to provide unbiased and comprehensive results. Numerous opportunities for furthering my learning have recently become available. The scientific community continues to closely examine this issue for a variety of reasons, which should be readily apparent to all. The study on farmers in Bangladesh is one of numerous domains that generated significant interest in previous years.

The notion of "women entrepreneurs" was a focal point in prior research. Characterizing this area as unique and unusual is an insult. Researchers are increasingly emphasizing the subject of "women entrepreneurship," a unique and compelling area of research that is gaining more recognition [38]. This issue is serious enough to warrant further study. Although several studies have investigated the journeys of women in that domain, less attention has been devoted to the entrepreneurial endeavors undertaken by religious minorities and people of indigenous backgrounds. The allocation of more funds to women won't change this fundamental fact. Although women received an unequal fraction of funds, this was certainly the situation. A significant portion of all Bangladeshi research adheres to a theoretical framework or relies on studies. The northwest region of Bangladesh could function as a focal point for future investigations into the correlation between tea and internet commerce [39]. I see the potential efficacy of this approach. This move will facilitate economic progress for persons that reside in rural regions. Frequently significant facts were overlooked throughout this research. The lack of attention that scientists have given to the structural issues of service firms highlights the problem. The challenge of identifying which specific industries offer the greatest potential for small business owners remains unresolved. Consequently, we were unable to ascertain the sectors that exhibited optimal performance.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Institutional financing is limited for more than fifty percent of Bangladesh's MSMEs. Few businesses get more than 20% of their spending from bank loans. Elevated input prices, particularly for feed, escalate the costs of manufacturing and diminish profits due to an unfavorable benefit-cost ratio. This is of paramount importance. This impacts the profitability of small-scale farmers, the cost of living, and farm management.

Table 2. Distribution of ownership by gender of owner within SMEs.

Таблица 2. Распределение собственности по полу владельца в рамках МСП.

Particulars	Percent of all SMEs	Average no. of workers	Percent of SME employment
Women	6	2.3	2
Men	94	15.5	96
Co-ownership by men	1	7.6	1
Total	100	5.2	100

Small-scale farmers may have difficulties in marketing their products due to inadequate connections, elevated transportation expenses, market illiteracy, and distance from marketplaces. Women dairy farmers in rural areas face fluctuating markets and elevated intermediary profits. Rural women dairy farmers possess little education and job experience, hindering their participation in education initiatives focused on managing risk, innovation, costing, and business growth.

Figure 3. Distribution of ownership by gender of owner within SMEs.

Рисунок 3. Распределение собственности по полу владельца в рамках МСП.

Inadequate veterinarians constitute another challenge for rural women producers in Bangladesh and India. Bangladesh has a limited number of livestock specialists, hindering several farmers from obtaining affordable, life-saving assistance medical treatment. The subsequent most significant issue in India is elevated pharmaceutical and veterinarian expenses. Milk manufacturers need monitoring of the market and strategic promotion to maintain low pricing. The Bangladesh Bank promotes borrowing by SMEs from financial institutions. Illustration: Microfinance Institutions, Scheduled Commercial Banks, Private Commercial Banks, Foreign Commercial Banks, State Banks. Bangladeshi microfinance institutions, also known as MFIs, provide loans to women-operated microenterprises to generate new, productive employment in agriculture and other sectors.

Small banks, private commercial financial institutions, state-owned banks, and international banks cater to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). BRAC Bank was the first private commercial bank in Bangladesh to offer loans to SMEs, disbursing $1.7 billion since 2003. Scheduled bank-MFI collaborations provide microcredit and microenterprise financing. Microcredit provision climbed by 192%, from Tk. 1226.63 billion in 2003 to Tk. 2354.52 billion in 2010, while the number of customers jumped by 160%, or 0.86 million. Bangladesh initiated microcredit with more than 500 microfinance institutions. The array of financing options in Bangladesh revitalizes the entrepreneurial prospects of rural women.

Table 3. Contribution to GDP by women owners.

Таблица 3. Вклад женщин-владельцев в ВВП.

Particulars	Total contribution to GDP (in million Tk.)	Per cent of total contribution
Agriculture	14983	6.38
Fishing	11594	4.94
Manufacturing	111197	47.38
Construction	1335	0.57
Wholesale, retail trade	14247	6.07
Hotels, restaurants	9350	3.98
Transport, storage and communications	9817	4.18
Real estate, renting and business
	2914	1.24
activities, education
Health and social work	3358	1.43
Other services	55873	23.81
Total	234668	100.00

Figure 4. Contribution to GDP by women owners.

Рисунок 4. Вклад женщин-владельцев в ВВП.

The SEF was established by Bangladesh Bank to assist SMEs. This operation provided refinancing of 7.16 billion Tk. to 37 financial institutions and 38 banks, benefiting 7,598 companies. Over the last two years, banks have achieved a 140% performance in SME loans, surpassing a target of Tk 38,000 billion. Commercial banks establish SME Cells/Service Centers to assist small and medium enterprises in growth and securing funding. A significant number of Bangladeshi women entrepreneurs encounter difficulties in founding businesses using familial funds. SMB loans are 13% more expensive than international loans, while loans for female entrepreneurs are 10% costlier. The SME sector in Bangladesh must advance rapidly to achieve global success.

CONCLUSION

Possibilities for work in rural areas are limited in most developing nations due to substantial constraints. The presence of such obstacles is responsible for this. A stronger rural economy could prove possible if small and medium-sized enterprises in rural regions grow. One way to do this is by carefully expanding these types of enterprises. This component aims to achieve greater manufacturing, worker productivity, and financial stability. Despite a dearth of infrastructure, rural areas are ripe with unrealized promise. The entirety of its potential has not been realized. The framework of the company relies heavily on management and leadership. Remote entrepreneurs must have access to quality training programs that teach them essential branding and company management skills. The financial influence of female entrepreneurs in Bangladesh is recognized. Medium-sized enterprises established by women get financial assistance from the government. Businesses run by women can obtain financing through banking and microfinance institutions in Bangladesh, according to recently introduced regulations. However, there is a lack of funding for charitable organizations or programs that aim to assist people in the future. Utility companies, trained workers, training, facilities, and finance are all in short supply. Human rights policy reform, as well as enforcement in Bangladesh, has the potential to increase women's agency and business growth.