Mesocycle structure and regulation of training loads during three-week mountain training of athletes

Relevance. The analysis of the literature data, the long-term practical experience of specialists and the results of their own research convincingly testify to the high efficiency of athletes' training, which takes place using natural conditions of natural hypoxia. However, depending on the specifics of the sport, the age, qualifications of athletes and the tasks set at various stages of the annual cycle, the terms of mountain training can vary from 2 to 4 weeks. At the same time, the research results show that the 3-week training of highly qualified athletes training for endurance (track and field athletes, speed skaters, ski racers) in conditions of moderate natural hypoxia sufficiently provides an increase in the reserve capabilities of the body, the development of general and special endurance. At the same time, it is important to note that heavy loads in the first days of staying in the mountains complicate the process of acclimatization, and insufficient ones do not allow solving the tasks of preparation. The aim of the study is to develop the structure of the mesocycle and the rules of training loads during the three-week training of athletes at an altitude of 2000 - 2300m in the Tien Shan mountains. Methodology and organization of the study. The study involved 13 skaters (MS, CMS). The experiments were carried out 3 days before the trip to the mountains and on 6-8, 16-18, 42-45 days during the period of re-acclimatization. Another experiment involved 10 skiers and 12 highly qualified skiers. As a functional test, the maximum physical performance and aerobic capabilities of athletes were determined. The results of the study and their discussion. The results of the study showed that if the volume and intensity of the training load at the end of a three-week stay in the mountains at an altitude of 2300m reaches the level of plain training (before climbing the mountains), it will contribute to a significant increase in performance after returning from the mountains. High-class athletes during the period of acute adaptation can be limited to a 2-3-day acclimatization microcycle, with a gradual increase in the volume and intensity of loads by the end of the third week to the initial plain level. With a decrease in training loads in the first days of mountain acclimatization, the positive effect in most athletes manifests itself on 2-3 days after leaving the mountains. If the training in the middle mountains takes place without reducing the volume and intensity of loads, then the positive effect is manifested in most athletes on the 6th-8th day of reaclimatization. Conclusion. Based on the results of their own research and analysis of the coaches' practical experience, the structure of the mesocycle and the rules of training loads during the three-week training of athletes in the Tien Shan Mountains were developed. The positive effect of their use is confirmed by the results of experimental studies and successful performances of the national teams of Kazakhstan in cross-country skiing and biathlon at the World Cup and the World Winter Universiade.