Study of factors leading to poor sleep among management students

Gaurav Singh, Ruby S Chanda. Study of factors leading to poor sleep among management students. Cardiometry; Issue 22; May 2022; p. 258-267; DOI: 10.18137/cardiome-try.2022.22.258267; Available from:

Sleep deprivation is when you are not getting enough sleep. When an individual gets less sleep, it can lead to various health issues. Sleep deprivations 258 | Cardiometry | Issue 22. May 2022

can result in an inability to pay attention, losing out on memory power, unwanted mood swings, and in some cases, can also lead to depression. Sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality can also lead to diabetes, weight gain, cancer, Alzheimer and this list is non-exhaustive.

This study aims to study the factors that lead to poor quality of sleep among management students. Since management students have a rigorous schedule compared to students on graduation days, there is an obvious reason they are prone to a hectic schedule. However, a hectic schedule is one reason we try to comprehend other factors that lead to poor quality sleep.

Factors responsible for affecting the quality of sleep in students have mostly been attributed to social media and the weight of academic curriculum, especially among university students. The research done in the past has suggested that poor sleep disturbances are most common when it comes to students of University [8]. A survey was conducted among university students. It suggested that students reported delayed sleep problems and excessive daytime sleepiness, which has become common in MBA students because of their tight schedules [9]. However, there have hardly been any studies regarding factors that lead to poor sleep experiences among management students [2]. Hence, we felt a need to identify those factors and do a comprehensive analysis to understand better how the poor sleep issue can be improved.

Getting complete and quality sleep is one of the most important and often neglected needs of the human body. It is responsible for the daily living activities. Not having enough or poor sleep can also lead to various diseases like diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, etc [11].

Good sleep also has a sounding impact on the quality of life.

Quality sleep also helps in and is quintessential for an individual’s emotional, psychological, and cognitive well-being. Ability to learn and memorize, cellular repair, and normal and effective brain functioning results from quality sleep. Apart from normal brain functioning, sleep also affects the physical well-being of an individual. Deprivation of sleep or poor sleep quality is associated with increased daytime sleepiness, poor concentration, increased fatigue, and lower neuro cognitive performance [13].

Disordered sleep is a phenomenon that can result in major issues, like psychological functioning and cognitive behavior. In some cases, it goes to the extent of affecting physical health [14].

There is a specific reason why management students have disturbed sleep. Their tough and hectic curriculum, several extra-curricular activities, lack of time, and in many cases, lack of time management. There are various other factors: physical environment factors, psychological factors, biological factors, and one of the most important social factors [15].Now, it is high time when professionals from the health industry learn about development in populations and understand the factors that lead to poor sleep experiences.

People do not consider lack of sleep even a problem. They boast about it, not realizing the severe effect that lack of sleep can have on an individual’s health. When it comes to management students, it is quite common to wake up late for assignments or exams. There is time for everything. When you work late till night for whatever reasons, ultimately, there will be a time when your body will start showing negative effects [10].

Poor sleep or poor sleep quality not only makes you sluggish, but you also feel tired throughout the day. The key is to understand how much sleep you need as a student, adult, and older adult. People who get less than 6 to 7 hours of sleep are at a greater risk than they think.

The study has been done to find the level of psychological stress they are in and the factors responsible for poor sleep in management students and study [12].

• 2    Literature review

  • 2.1    Sleep patterns and habits in high school students in Iran (2008)

• 2.2    Daytime sleepiness and sleep quality among Malaysian medical students (2009)

• 2.3    Effects of an irregular bedtime schedule on sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue among university students in Taiwan (2009)

When it comes to the amount of sleep that students get in different countries, there is a great variation. Talking about Finish [1] students, the duration was 8 hours and 30 minutes, which was 9 hours more than the Swiss [1]. When we talk about the Japanese [2], the duration comes to 6 hours and 20 minutes. Korean students had 4.8 to 6.2 hours.

In a multinational study, this number was 5.4 hours [4]. The Chinese students had 7.5 hours, and the number was 7 to 8 hours for American students [6]. In addition to this, it was found that sleep duration was not gender-related [3].

One of the studies showed that as the students moved to higher classes, students started to be awake late till night and woke up early. The sleep time got reduced. The study was conducted on Korean teenagers. It was also found that boys woke up late as compared to girls [3]. The study revealed that 61% of Korean students who did not have the habit of waking up at night in the previous two weeks showed a different pattern. The numbers increased from 51.2% to almost 80%, and the students were across grades 9 to 12.

It was found that girls had longer sleep latency as compared to boys [3]. The percentage of sleepiness in the daytime was reported to be 19.9% [6]. This number kept on increasing with increasing age in adolescents [1].

A study conducted found that not getting enough sleep or poor sleep is directly related to downgrading academic performance, accidents on the road, poor social interaction, and psychological distress. Some studies say that this phenomenon is found in most populations. However, it could not be established in medical students and was not documented in Malaysia [3].

It was found that clinical students who self-reported that they had psychological distress and were not getting proper sleeping faced the problem of daytime sleepiness. One of the reasons attributed is that the students were stressed with clinical training.

There are multiple inadequate sleep hygiene behaviors which primarily include sleeping for too long in the daytime, consuming alcohol in excess quantity just before bedtime, and lying on the bed for other activities apart from sleep like watching TV, studying, eating, etc. [3]. When treating insomnia, right sleep hygiene was an important element [4]. However, the surprising thing was that these factors did not create any effect for normal patients or subjects, and the results were highly inconsistent [5]. Two main reasons processes regulate sleep. The first one is called the homeostatic drive, and the second one is called the circadian system.

• 2.4    A Study on the Sleep Patterns and Problems of University Business Students in Hong Kong (2010)

• 2.5    Sleep Patterns and Predictors

• 2.6    Sleep habits and sleep problems among Palestinian students (2011)

A study was conducted on the undergraduate business students of China in Hong Kong. The questionnaire prepared was self-reported. The students were asked to fill the questionnaire during class lectures through an online mode. There were a total of 620 students who took part, and their mean age was 19.9 years. Out of all the students, 2/3 reported sleep deprivation.

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was greater than 5. Factors like living on campus and attending morning lectures were attributed to this finding. Students also suffered minor psychiatric disturbances. Sleep debt, i.e., was >= 75 minutes. Sleep debt = (weekday-weekend bedtime) It was concluded that there is an urgent requirement of an education curriculum, which lays importance on university students’ sleep and stress management.

of Disturbed Sleep in a Large Population of College Students (2010)

As per the PSQI index, the percentage of people segregated as poor sleepers were about 60%. It was also found that there was a significant delay in bedtimes and rise times, especially during weekends. Students also reported that they were taking recreational drugs and prescriptions in order to alter sleep/wakefulness. The respondents classified as poor sleepers also reported physical and psychological health issues, which has been a common pattern even in previous studies.

One of the study’s critical findings was that academic stress and emotional disturbance greatly impacted their health. The surprising part was that factors like exercise, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, and a consistent sleep schedule were not the factors, which predicted sleep quality. [6]

It has been observed that lack of sleep, not fixed sleep, and wakeup patterns, which were predominantly present in the young adolescents, were also present in the college-going students because the quality of sleep, mental and physical health are closely related. Hence, there is a strong and urgent need for programs that take care of this population too.

This study aimed to identify sleep problems among students based on what ethnicity they had and what 260 | Cardiometry | Issue 22. May 2022

cultural beliefs they held [7]. The respondents were adolescents who were from 9 ethno cultural groups. It was found that youths from Europe and America were more likely to have insomnia when we compared them with the students that were Chinese Americans. The study considered gender, age, and socio-economic status the students had [8].

There is a rising issue of increasing stress levels among university students, who are full-time students only going through poor sleep quality because of this. However, there has been little research, which has focussed its attention on this group of students. Studies have focussed on children, adults, or respondents of different categories [15].

• 2.7    How is Your Sleep: A Neglected Topic for Health Care screening (2011)

• 2.8    Sleep Deprivation Induces Fragmented Memory Loss (2020)

Just like depression, the problem of poor-quality sleep has been ignored for a long time. However, as medicine, psychiatry, and psychology are maturing, there is enough scientific proof confirming how important role sleep plays in an individual’s well-being and overall health. Several people are suffering from sleep disorders but remain undiagnosed. Perhaps there are even a larger number of people who are facing the issue of insufficient sleep. However, because of their lifestyle and behavioral choice, they do not value the importance of sleep. One in every 20 patients report that they visit the doctor because they face the issue of poor sleeps quality.

Episodic memory is increasingly affected due to sleep deprivation. However, still, the question prevails whether lack of sleep changes the qualitative nature of forgetting. The study considered various elements. The forgetting of episodic memories was studied across several intervals. An important observation was that associative memory was affected due to overnight sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation or poor sleep induces what is called fragments among the item memories and their associations. Episodic memory was indeed affected qualitatively [9].

The objective of this research has been listed below: • To study the factors leading to poor sleep in management students.

• • To determine the psychological distress level among management students.

3.2    Data collection tool

3    Research methodologies 3.1    Research design

A descriptive research design has been used while conducting this study. Statistical techniques such as exploratory factor analysis have been used. A survey was conducted randomly on 297 management students from the different Management colleges of Maharashtra. The convenience sampling technique has been used for collecting data. The data collection is targeted towards students in the age range of 18-30. The data was collected for 297 management students from the different management colleges of Maharashtra.

In order to collect primary data, a questionnaire was designed. The questionnaire was adopted from the journal titled” The contributing factors to poor sleep experiences in university students,” authored by Insaf Altan, Nursan Cinar, and Cemile Dede. The questionnaire had different sections, and the first section captured the demographic data like name, age, and gender. The subsequent sections collected the various factors contributing to poor sleep. Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) has been used for data analysis.

A questionnaire was created using Google Forms. It was divided into four parts. The first part was for demographic information like name, age, and gender. The second part consisted of 4 sections with questions about the physical environment, social life, and biological factors. The psychological section further consisted of ten questions, and these were Kesseler’s psychological distress measurement questions.

The questionnaire was then circulated on a random basis to management students studying in various management colleges of Maharashtra. The first section had environmental factors-related questions. Like how much noise by roommates affects your sleep. The respondents had to answer on a 5-point Likert scale.

The second section talks about biological factors like fatigue, overeating, hunger, etc. Section 3 explored social factors like loneliness, trouble at work, financial distress, and the last section was to understand the psychological factors. This section was designed using the Kesseler distress measurement scale. Likert scale was used for all four sections, which consisted of 5 points. Point1 indicating no effect of a factor, and 5 indicating extreme effect. Table 1 shows depicts the age and gender profiles of the respondents

4    Result and findings 4.1    Sample statistics

Table 1

The table above depicts the age and gender profiles of the respondents

Age
	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
18-24	187	63	63	63
25-30	107	36	36	99
30+	3	1	1	100
Total	297	100	100
Gender
	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Female	158	53.2	53.2	53.2
Male	139	46.8	46.8	100
Total	297	100	100

4.2    Reliability test

Case Processing Summary

Table 2 shows the case processing summary.

Table 2

Case processing summary N denotes total respondents.

Cases	Valid	297	100.0
	Excluded	0	.0
	Total	297	100.0

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

4.3    Reliability statistics

The reliability test was conducted. The condition that the minimum Cronbach’s alpha value should be 0.6 was considered; during the reliability test, this condition was achieved as the score obtained was .863, which is indicated in the Table 3.

Table 3

Reliability statistics, N denoted the number of variables

Cronbach’s alpha	No. of Items
63	25

4.4    Descriptive statistics

Table 4 shows the standard deviation of the variables

Table 4

Mean and standard deviation of the variables

	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Skewness
	Statistic	Statistic	Statistic	Statistic	Std. Error
Noise by roommates	297	3.66	1.234	-.731	.141
Type of material	297	3.93	1.104	-.777	.141
Roommate light	297	3.76	1.209	-.842	.141
Exposure to smoke	297	3.94	1.265	-1.070	.141
Room scent	297	3.57	1.206	-.688	.141
Tea coffee	297	3.20	1.266	-.292	.141
Fatigue	297	4.31	.770	-.998	.141
Overeating	297	3.59	1.121	-.451	.141
Alcohol	297	3.59	1.257	-.665	.141
Hunger	297	4.06	.986	-1.151	.141
Family problem	297	4.05	1.050	-1.265	.141
Financial distress	297	3.93	.941	-.732	.141
Loneliness	297	3.48	1.241	-.546	.141
Trouble at work	297	3.94	1.090	-1.243	.141
Feeling tired	297	3.47	1.087	-.554	.141
feeling nervous	297	3.20	1.070	-.063	.141
Not able to calm down	297	2.68	1.212	.153	.141
Feeling hopeless	297	2.98	1.267	-.049	.141
Feeling restless	297	3.41	1.112	-.367	.141
Feeling restless, cannot sit	297	2.76	1.264	.101	.141
Feeling depressed	297	2.64	1.244	.120	.141
Everything an effort	297	3.22	1.075	-.208	.141
Could not cheer up	297	2.64	1.277	.178	.141
Feeling worthless	297	2.65	1.413	.292	.141
Valid N (listwise)	297

5    Factory analyses5.1    KMO and Bartlett’s test

Table 5

KMO and Bartlett’s test, sig denotes significance, DF is for the degree of freedom

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.	.759
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square	3429.478
df	276
Sig.	.000

5.2    Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy

KMO should be > 0.5 for appropriateness of factor analysis

KMO value is .759

Hence factory analysis can be used.

5.3    Bartlett’s test of sphericity

Table 5 shows the 3429.478 is the approximate chi-square statistic obtained. The calculated value for the degree of freedom is 276. This value is considered significant at 0.05 levels. KMO statistic value is 0.759, which is larger than 0.5. Hence, we can confirm the appropriateness of factor analysis for the analysis of the correlation matrix. Table 6 represents the initial and extracted values of the variables.

5.4    Communalities

Table 6

The table represents the initial and extracted values of the variables.

	Initial	Extraction
Noise by roommates	1.000	.797
Type of material	1.000	.634
Roommate light	1.000	.735

	Initial	Extraction
Exposure to smoke	1.000	.786
Room scent	1.000	.686
Tea/coffee	1.000	.827
Fatigue	1.000	.486
Overeating	1.000	.631
Alcohol	1.000	.632
Hunger	1.000	.609
Family problem	1.000	.827
Financial distress	1.000	.832
Loneliness	1.000	.679
Trouble at work	1.000	.661
Feeling tired	1.000	.520
Feeling nervous	1.000	.687
Notable to calm down	1.000	.743
Feeling hopeless	1.000	.605
Feeling restless	1.000	.757
Feeling restless, cannot sit	1.000	.678
Feeling depressed	1.000	.707
Everything an effort	1.000	.504
Could not cheer up	1.000	.713
Feeling worthless	1.000	.732

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

The communality value should be more than .5 to be considered for further analysis. The extraction values of 23 variables are above 0.5 here.

5.5    Total variance explained

As we can observe from the Table 7, seven factors have eigenvalue above 1. Eigenvalues indicate total variance attributed to a factor.

5.6    Rotated component matrix

Table 8 shows we can observe that seven factors have been extracted. Five variables are correlating with the first factor. We see three variables in correlation with factor 2. 2 variables correlate with factor 3, and Factor 4 has two variables that co-relate with it. Finally, the fifth factor has two variables that correlate with it. There is no variable for factor 6, and there is only one variable in factor 7. Hence, we will ignore them.

Based on the Exploratory Factor analysis, we have five factors for our study. These are the factors that are most responsible for poor sleep in management students.

Table 7

Eigenvalues and extraction sum of squared loadings

Component	Initial Eigenvalues			Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
1	6.581	27.420	27.420	6.581	27.420	27.420
2	2.462	10.259	37.678	2.462	10.259	37.678
3	2.098	8.740	46.419	2.098	8.740	46.419
4	1.665	6.936	53.354	1.665	6.936	53.354
5	1.395	5.815	59.169	1.395	5.815	59.169
6	1.248	5.198	64.367	1.248	5.198	64.367
7	1.021	4.252	68.619	1.021	4.252	68.619
8	.905	3.770	72.389
9	.775	3.228	75.618
10	.737	3.071	78.689
11	.676	2.818	81.507
12	.615	2.563	84.070
13	.573	2.388	86.458
14	.474	1.976	88.434
15	.459	1.912	90.346
16	.423	1.762	92.108
17	.389	1.620	93.728
18	.352	1.469	95.196
19	.257	1.073	96.269
20	.225	.936	97.205
21	.211	.880	98.085

Component	Initial Eigenvalues			Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %	Total	% of Variance	Cumulative %
22	.192	.801	98.886
23	.145	.602	99.489
24	.123	.511	100.000

Table 8

7 extracted factors and the variables that correlate with them are shown above.

	Component
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Feeling restless	.781
Notable to calm down	.777
Feeling nervous	.770
Feeling depressed	.711
feeling hopeless	.708
Feeling worthless
Could not cheer up
Everything an effort
Feeling restless, cannot sit.
Feeling tired
Noise by roommates		.826
Type of material		.776
Roommate light		.754
Trouble at work
Alcohol			.749
Overeating			.720
Hunger
Financial distress				.882
Family problem				.855
Exposure to smoke					.818
Room scent					.795
Loneliness
Fatigue
Tea/coffee							.867
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a
a. Rotation converged in 9 iterations.

Table 9

5.7 Factor 1: psychological

Table 9 shows the factors related to an individual’s psychological well-being; the variables mentioned below indicate those factors. Psychological well-being has been a point of discussion. It is one of the most concerning issues when it comes to sleep patterns.

Variables included: feeling restless, not able to calm down, feeling nervous, feeling depressed, and feeling hopeless.

264 | Cardiometry | Issue 22. May 2022

Psychological Factors and loading values

Variable	Loading
Feeling restless	.781	Psychological
Not able to calm down	.777
Feeling nervous	.770
Feeling depressed	.711
Feeling hopeless	.708

5.8    Factor 2: physical environment

Table 10 shows physical environment factors, are crucial factors that help in determining the quality of sleep. Variables included: Noise by roommates, Type of material, Roommate light

Table 10

Physical Environment Factors and loading values

Variable	Loading
Noise by roommates	.826	Physical Environment
Type of material	.776
Roommate light	.754

5.9    Factor 3: biological

Overeating, alcohol, and hunger are biological factors that affect the quality of sleep an individual can get. Not having regular food, consuming alcohol can drastically affect the quality of sleep in Management students in Table 11.

Table 11

Biological Factors and loading values

Variable	Loading
Alcohol	.749	Biological
Overeating	.720

Variables included: Alcohol, Overeating

5.10    Factor 4: social

Table 12 shows Social life is an integral part of an individual’s life. It plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of an individual. However, these factors are quirt general in nature; these factors also affect the sleep of management students.

Variables included: Financial distress, Family problems.

Table 12

Social factors and loading values

Variable	Loading
Financial distress	.882	Social
Family problem	.855

5.11    Factor 5: olfactory

Table 13 shows the olfactory factors and loading values; Smoking or exposure to smoking is also an important factor that can affect sleep in management students.

Variables included: Exposure to smoke, room scent. Table 13

Olfactory Factors and loading values

Variable	Loading
Exposure to smoke	.818	Olfactory
Room scent	.795

6    Analysis of kesseler distress test

Kesseler distress test was conducted to measure Psychological distress among the respondents. A total of 10 questions were asked, and the response was collected using a Likert scale consisting of 5 points.

The minimum score that can be obtained is 10, and the maximum is 50. The Table 14 gives how to read the result.

Table 14

Score chart and magnitude of disorder for Kessler Psychological distress management test.

Score	Magnitude of disorder
10 - 19	Likely to be well
20 - 24	Likely to have a mild disorder
25 - 29	Likely to have a moderate disorder
30 - 50	Likely to have a severe disorder

As per the study response of 297 management students was collected, and here are the findings

7    Results

Table 15 shows the scores of respondents for Kessler psychological distress test. As we can see, more than 52% of management students fall in the last category, which indicates that they have a severe mental disorder, which is a growing concern.

Table 15

Scores of respondents for Kessler psychological distress test

Score	Magnitude of disorder
10-19:	14% of students fall in this category
20-24:	16% of students fall in this category
25-29:	15% of students fall in this category
30-50:	52% of students fall in this category

So as per the Kessler distress scale

8    Discussions

The study’s main aim is to comprehend factors that are causing lack of sleep or poor sleep experiences among management students. The study demonstrated several factors leading to poor sleep experiences in management students. It was found that psychological factors like feeling nervous, feeling depressed, and feeling hopeless were the most common, leading to poor sleep among management students; as per the analysis by Kessler, distress management test more than 50% of management students fall in the last category, which indicated that they have a severe mental disorder, which is a growing concern.

Apart from psychological factors, the other factors were physical environment factors like the noise made by roommates in the room. Each individual has a different time of going to bed depending on their preferences. However, when we consider the case of management students residing in hostels, the situation is different. The students share a common room; the noise made by other roommates affects the sleep of fellow roommates and leads to poor sleep quality. Also, the type of bed mattress and pillow affects the sleep quality since individual preference varies.

Other crucial findings of the study were the biological factors like overeating, staying hungry, and consuming alcohol. 29% of the respondents reported that they had an extreme effect on their sleep after consuming alcohol. 47% of the respondents reported that fatigue had an extreme effect on their sleep.

When it comes to social factors impacting sleep, 35% of the respondents reported that loneliness had an extreme effect on their sleep quality. Since the paper is primarily targeted towards management students, it was found that 45% reported that their sleep was affected extremely because of work-related or academic issues.

One of the most important factors was olfactory factors, like the smell in the room and exposure to smoke. These were also the factors that adversely affected the sleep among management students. 37% of the respondents reported extremely affected by the room scents (sweet, perfume, humidity, naphthalene). 46% of the respondents reported that exposure to smoke extremely affected their sleep.

The study’s important revelation was that most of the students greater than 50% fall in the category of having a mental disorder.

9    Managerial implication and future scope

The study was designed to comprehend factors, which lead to poor sleep in management students. The findings of the Kessler distress management test revealed that 52% of the management students fall in the category of likely to have a mental disorder. Hence, the management of various business schools can draw an inference from this and design the curriculum to make sure that there is fewer burdens on the students from the academic purpose. Five major factors were discovered that lead to poor sleep in management students: psychological factors, social factors, biological factors, Physical environment factors, and olfactory factors.

One of the key findings of the study was that physical environment like noise in the room, type of bed 266 | Cardiometry | Issue 22. May 2022

mattress or pillow is an important element in determining the quality of sleep, hence not only managements of business schools but also of corporate organizations can consider this point and work on the physical environment elements that are provided to their employees.

This study took into consideration the variables that were identified using the existing literature. However, several other variables can be studied to comprehend better the factors leading to poor sleep in management students. More demographic, management student profile related and organizational (Business schools) factors could be included in future research on this topic.

Kessler’s psychological distress test helped in measuring the psychological distress that the respondents were going through. The test is very significant since the findings showed that 52% of the respondents fell in severe mental disorder. Another reason why the test holds great significance is that Management of B-schools can understand the level of psychological distress of management students and teachers and staff. Corporate can use this test for their employees.

This study was conducted in which the respondents belonged to various management colleges of Maharashtra. However, the geography can be extended to the other states of India or even the other countries in the future. This study was quantitative. In the future, a qualitative study can be performed with the possibility of having focused group discussions.

10    Conclusions

The study aimed to comprehend the various factors that lead to sleep deprivation or poor sleep in management students. There have been studies done in the past, but those either considered children or graduate students. There have not been many studies that have specifically been directed towards management students. This study was done to fill that research gap.

One critical revelation was the Kesseler distress management test results, which found that 52% of the management students were in the state, which indicated that they severely have a mental disorder.

The results of this study can be used by management, especially business schools in India, to develop a curriculum that promoted enough rest and a balanced schedule so that students do not experience prolonged poor sleep.

It is the need of the hour to realize how important an issue is of quality sleep, time management, and stress. It should be included in the educational curriculums to ensure students’ sleep and rest patterns are not affected. We have often ignored the importance of sleep, and students are also encouraged to sleep less in studying, which has led to a behavioural change in students. They also neglect the importance of sleep.

We genuinely hope the knowledge imparted from the findings of this study contributes to the body of knowledge. The concern of the quality of sleep among the management students is dealt with more severity, which helps create a healthy curriculum. This study was conducted with a sample size of 297; a more comprehensive study should be performed to understand the untouched elements of poor sleep better.

Statement on ethical issues

Research involving people and/or animals is in full compliance with current national and international ethical standards.

Conflict of interest

None declared.

Author contributions

The authors read the ICMJE criteria for authorship and approved the final manuscript.