The concept of “friendship” in Uzbek and English linguistic culture

The concept of "friendship" is one of the main categories of ethical character that determines the spiritual values of a national culture. The concept of "friendship" is a complex, on the one hand, but interesting, on the other hand, the object of study in a comparative aspect. This concept has its slots: mental, moral, ethical, spiritual, etc., and "when comparing, a set of semantic features is formed, the totality of which forms a" standard of comparison " [2, p. 21].

The study of the concept of "friendship" is one of the most important inexhaustible sources of social, national and cultural information about the speakers of a particular language. At the present stage of development of science, this aspect undoubtedly becomes relevant and is explained by the need to study it for a deep understanding of the culture of a particular nation or ethnic group.

The novelty of this article is in a comparative analysis of the reflection of the concept of "friendship" on the material of three languages: Uzbek, English and Russian. The material of the study was Proverbs (paremiological units) of the compared languages. The object of the study was the linguistic and cultural concept "friendship", expressed by paremiological units of Uzbek, Russian and English languages. The subject of comparative research are similarities and differences in the description of the concept of "friendship" in Uzbek, Russian and English languages.

The linguistic reflection of the concept of "friendship" can become part of the study of the linguistic picture of the world in Uzbek, Russian and English linguistic cultures. The concept of "friendship" is a complex spiritual and ethical phenomenon, which is expressed in different ways in different languages. The components of this concept can sometimes coincide in different language cultures. There is no linguoculture in which the analyzed concept is absent, since it exists in any society and determines the behavior of a person in his personal relationships.

An important statement in the linguistic analysis of scientific consciousness is the statement that " each language represents a certain way of conceptualizing the world. At the same time, language meanings form a certain system of views, a kind of collective philosophy, which is imposed as mandatory on all native speakers" [1, p. 322].

Each person belongs to a certain ethnic group, a certain nation. This means that each person, as a part of an ethnic group, leaves its imprint in the language consciousness and communicative behavior of this ethnic group. Language consciousness is divided into numerous fragments of perception of reality, which are understood as concepts. E. S. Kubryakova offers the following definition of the concept: "Concept is an operational unit of memory, mental lexicon, conceptual system and language of the brain, the whole picture of the world, quantum of knowledge" 3, p. 11].

The content of the concept "friendship" has a multilateral function for the study of both ethical, ethnic and philosophical concepts. In the course of in-depth analysis of this concept, it was possible to identify its constituent semantic features: friendship as virtue, friendship for the sake of benefit and friendship that brings pleasure. Indeed, friendship is different: the friendship of young men, girls, the elderly, spouses, family members, relatives, neighbors, classmates, classmates, associates, guests and hospitalists, etc. the most widespread is friendship as a virtue. This is good, because friendship originally had the purpose to help, support, do good. But, unfortunately, at the present stage of development of society, friendship is developed and spread only for pleasure or profit. This kind of friendship emphasizes the natural egocentrism of man.

The study of the concept "friendship" revealed that the paremiological Fund of all three analyzed languages contains a common layer of universal proverbial expressions, the semantic and syntactic structure of which completely or partially coincides. For example, a Russian proverb says: Better an honest enemy than a treacherous friend. Her catalog is an English language letter an open enemy than a false friend. And in the Uzbek language there is a proverb that is semantically appropriate to the above: Дуст ачиниб айтади, душман кулиб . Such Proverbs are semantic synonyms, having a common semantic structure, but differing in terms of expression:

• 1.    Uzbek: Икки булак – бир бутун .

Russian: Жить заодно, делиться пополам.

English: Among friends all things are common.

• 1.    Uzbek: Яхши дуст бойликдан афзалрок .

Russian: Друг - ценный клад, недругу никто не рад.

English: A true friend is the best possession.

• 1.    Uzbek: Омад кетди, дустлар таркалди .

Russian: Счастья не стало и друзей мало.

English: In time of prosperity, friends will be plenty; in time of adversity, not one amongst twenty.

• 1.    Uzbek: Дуст булсанг хам, хаддини бил .

Russian: Будь друг, да без убытку.

English: Short (even) reckoning makes long friends.

• 1.    Uzbek: Синган дустлик хеч нарсага ярамайди .

Russian: Дружба - как стекло, сломаешь - не починишь (разобьешь - не склеишь).

English: A broken friendship may be soldered, but will never be sound.

• 1.    Uzbek: Нарсанинг янгиси яхши, дустнинг – эскиси .

Russian: Одежда лучше новая, а друг – старый.

English: Old friends and old wine and old gold are the best.

• 1.    Uzbek: Эски дуст янгисидан афзалрок .

Russian: Старый друг лучше новых двух .

English: Old friends and old wine are best .

here are also paremias that do not have semantic equivalents in comparison languages. It is in this group that the semantic features that relate to the national specifics of the concept of "friendship"are revealed. The differences here relate to the specifics of friendships in different language cultures. Thus, in the Uzbek language there are a large number of Proverbs calling for unity and friendship, which is Holy and for which a person does not regret anything:

Икки дуст бирдан кура яхши, учтаси ундан хам афзал.

Дустликда яшасанг, хеч емонлик курмайсан.

Бир маизни 40 киши еган.

On the basis of English Proverbs, a component of a certain freedom was revealed, which has no analogues in the Uzbek and Russian languages:

Friendship increases in visiting friends but in visiting them seldom.

Little intermeddling makes good friends.

Friends are like fiddle-strings, they mustn't be screwed too tight.

In Russian paremiological units there is a desire for similarity and equality between friends:

Вяжись лычко с лычком, ремешок с ремешком. И ты мне друг, и я тебе друг, да не оба вдруг.

Скажи мне кто твой друг, и я скажу кто ты.

But, in all analyzed language cultures there is a call to the real and devoted friendship which is learned in a difficult situation:

Uzbek: Хакикий дуст ёмон кунингда билинар .

Russian: Друг познается в беде .

English: A friend in need is a friend indeed .

As a result of the study of the concept "friendship" on the material of paremiological units of the three languages, we came to the conclusion that the common features for Uzbek, Russian and English languages are the following:

• 1.    The linguistic unit of relationship or familiarity is present in all languages and is revealed through semantic modules;

• 2.    The paremiological Fund of the three analyzed languages contains a common universal layer of semantic concepts, such as: help, beneficence, kinship, falsity, danger, reliability, etc.

• 3.    In all the languages analyzed there is a call for friendship, real, faithful and strong, which will save a person in a difficult situation.

In the process of analysis of Proverbs of Uzbek, Russian and English languages were identified and distinctive features. So, in the Uzbek linguistic culture very well represented a sign of goodness, Holiness, sometimes even of self-sacrifice in the name of friendship; in the Russian language culture is also observed the sanctity of friendship, but the wish for similarity and equality of the friends; the friendship, it is not Holiness and sacrifice, but also is valuable against the British.

As a result of the study, it can be noted that the concept of "friendship" is a character of communicative behavior in relation to another, and is endowed with specific features characteristic only for the speakers of this language culture.