The historical types of the settlements on the Kola Peninsu-la, like landscape ‛texts’ of the Russian exploration

The occupancy of the Arctic areas is a very interesting phenomenon of the social history. Migration waves left on the surface of the defined landscape "text" as differently organized human settlements. During the last millennium in the process of exploring the Kola Peninsula by the communities in its territory were based on different historical types of settlements, including the churchyard, encampment, village, village, hamlet, a monastery, a colony, village, city, etc. It is quite reasonable to assume that all these historical styles were linked to each other - both in terms of their correlates, and in terms of a possible transformation, acquisition of one type of another. Consideration of this issue is important to elucidate the mechanisms of development of the northern spaces, in particular to reflect on one of the turns in history -the transition to the military and industrial urbanization in the Soviet period. On the Kola Peninsula this process was the most pronounced, as this area has become one of the most urbanized regions of Russia. Accordingly, in the study of the nature of the phenomenon of urbanization of the Arctic should have great importance not only to record the political and ideological features, caused by the external influences, but also of the social heritage, to which the territory met the appearance of cities.

In the speeches of our Scandinavian colleagues often found a desire to regard the process of filling subarctic areas of Russia as lasting indefinitely "colonization" of desert spaces, whereby the Soviet urbanization of the North interpreted by them as a surface "coating" of the social media under the influence of an authoritarian state. One can hardly agree with this approach. Russian peace to take root among the polar landscape for centuries, forming a system of transfer of the experience of the social adjustment through the succession of historical types of the settlements: on-site or near the seasonal and small settlements grew large towns and cities.2.

Before you make a review of the historical types of the settlements in the Kola Peninsula, it should be noticed the possible criteria for the analysis. These include: population, ethnic composition, the adaptation of the population (the degree of embeddedness), the main occupation of the population planning (regular, semiregular, chaotic), construction (wood or stone, low-rise or high rise), the legal aspects of the formation.

The first in the history of the development of the Kola Peninsula are seasonal settlements - graveyards and encampments, distinguished mainly by the ethnic composition of the population. Seasonal settlements had simple organization, relief shelters, and small in size.

Pogost (siyyt) – is the traditional village of Laparey (Sami), the appearance of which refers to the period before the arrival of the Slavic population. Local indigenous people – are the Sam, whoi lived in the communal tribal system, traditionally semi-nomadic life. In the summer, they were divided into groups and went to class fishing. There they founded the "summer" graveyards, consisting of tents (kuvaks). In the winter the whole memebers of the family lived in one place - a winter graveyard, where the houses looked like semi-dugouts, top covered with brushwood. Usually dug hidden under the snow to mask [9, p. 21-22]. A little later on the basis of tents appeared a new type of dwelling - Tower. Over time, the Sami and peaceful cooperation of the Russian population, coupled with a relatively high material and spiritual culture, has a progressive influence on the Sami society, which is becoming more sedentary. As a result, Sami graveyards are beginning to attach to a particular area, and the term "graveyard" begins to mean not only the village community, but also the area, which owned the members of this community. For the new life the old types of housing did not fit, so start building stupid Sami - chopped home from thick poles. In appearance resembled Russian dumb house used as a winter home. To the beginning of XVII century on the Kola Peninsula were 14 graveyards. As a rule, the population did not exceed churchyard 200. The largest pogosti treated Ponoysky, Kildinskoye (Munomoshsky) Lovozero3.

Not later than in XIII century began the exploring of the ancient Russian Kola Peninsula, where its territory began to come to Novgorod for fish and furs, as well as for barter with the local population [4, p. 173]. The specific nature of fisheries forced people from Russian White Sea took place farm house, barns and temporary housing in place of Sami graveyards (siyytov), near the sea, near the mouths of rivers and thus establishes seasonal settlements - encampments (Tony). Most of the Russian fishing industry came in the spring and summer, but some remained for the winter to hunt seals. For example, a typical example is the White Sea encampments Luvenga [10, p. 137], which in the XVI century, there were only two huts. Since the sixteenth century, there were encampments on the Murman coast. Spring fishing is concentrated in the north-eastern coast of Hank, which was to be called fishing. There have whole villages of the fishing camps - residential cottages with warehouses, baths, appliances for drying fish and sweat fat. Later in the largest encampments (like Teriberka Kharlovka) number in the fishing season fluctuated around 500-700 people [13, p. 19-20].

The appearance and the development of the seasonal settlements actually prepared the way for the emergence of the Kola North permanent settlements (villages, village settlement). The earliest mention of the first Russian villages - Umba and Varzuga4. - relates to 1466, and as a result, were then formed two parish - Varzuzhskaya Umbskaya. In the future appeared Pomeranian villages: Kuzomen, Tetrino, Olenitsa, Salnitsa etc. [9, p. 32]. Over time, these villages begin to grow, as a result of the chaotic planning increasingly began to resemble a semiregular, which has elements of the streets. However, the development took the form of low-rise buildings of stone buildings was not. Village arose spontaneously; therefore legitimizing their appearance did not exist. The population in most large villages ranged from 500 to 1000 people. In Varzuga in 1910 lived 1001 people, Kuzomen - 780 people, and in Kandalaksha in 1914 - 541 persons [10, p. 36, 93, 121]. Usually close to home built wooden barns, cellars and other outbuildings. The main street was arranged along the river, it facades of houses.

The difference between to the rural area and the village and viselka consisted of a higher cultural village: it usually had a temple. Temple had one of the best central locations, near people gathered for celebrations and rites [6, p. 10]. The village was usually less than the village, settlement, in turn, was a fragment of a village or villages, including, as a rule, several buildings. Settlements are often attributed to the villages or hamlets and were at some distance from them. For example, Salnitsa is 50 km from Kuzomen. In 1854, it is home to only 17 people [10, p. 231-232].

Large role in the development of the space belongs to the Church of the Kola Peninsula, which participated in the organization of communities of monks and monasteries. In the middle of the XVI century in the Kola Arctic have their local monasteries in Kola, Pechenga and Kandalaksha. Academician S. Platonov called attention to the fact that the Russian North "hermitage, founded by monks in the desert wilderness, certainly attracted the population, as ever was nakhodima random" prihodtsami "in their search for new commercial zaimok" [8, p. 33]. This rule, of course, act on the Kola Peninsula: in any case, at the origins of Russian settlements in the district town and village Kandalaksha Cola in the sixteenth century were based on these territories monasteries.

The population of the monasteries is usually not more than 200 people (including monks, novices and employees) and the migration of the clergy and laity was quite heterogeneous in terms of rootedness.

Monasteries in the XVI-XVII centuries arose spontaneously and didnt have the legislation. The face of the Kola monasteries featured the rambling wooden buildings. Only in-Trifon Pechenga monastery Sinodsky decree on the restoration of which is dated 1886 year, an attempt was made to give the layout a semiregular form [10, p. 272, 11].

Another historical type of settlement is a colony, which is defined as located in Murmansk settlement founded resettled migrants. The appearance of colonies refers to the 60-s of the XIX century, when the Russian government decided to provide benefits and privileges to persons who wish to move to the coastal strip in the Barents Sea [3, p. 5.4, 7, p. 195]. In a short time in the western part of the coast have colonies of Ura-Guba, Cheep-Navolok Vaida-Guba, Western People Titovka, etc., in the east - Teriberka Gavrilova Kildin etc. The basis of the population of the colonies was Russian, Finnish and Norwegian.

Many of the colonies emerged on the basis encampments: Eastern Liza, Kharlovka, Teriberka. Chaotic building encampments were processed in a prison in a semiregular form typical Pomorski village. In the center of the colony often built temples to which stretched streets and alleys with houses of the colonists.

Total number of the colonists is slowly but steadily growing. By 1899, on the Murmansk coast were more than two thousands of people, and in 1914 - already 3183 people [9, p. 323-324, 414, 447]. In one of the largest colonies - Ura-Guba - in 1913, 292 people lived [10, p. 281]. Murman population gradually takes root, vsledst-condition which colonies are more like a traditional village.

Since the end of XIX century, a new type of inhabitants – is a settlement. It helps to create the appearance in the Region of the industrial and transport infrastructure - mills and construction in 1915-1916 of the railway. Villages were formed by workers and railroad workers, sometimes on the spot or near historic villages, sometimes at a distance from them. In the pre-Soviet era of villagers could reach 500. For example, to Umbskomu mill in 1902 was attributed to 520 workers, and the first settlement at Kovdskom plant population in 1897 was 503 inhabitants [9, p. 425]. The top of the hierarchy of the settlements in the Kola Peninsula was the city. In dourbanization of the era in the Kola North city existed as a district center, which houses the government and the population did not exceed 1 000 (Cola, Alexandrovsk).

Cola appears in XVI century as fishing and trading settlement [12, p. 270-279]. Since 1582 in the residence of the Kola, the governor, and a year later, he created fortifications - fortress, with whom Cola acquired image of the medieval "city." In 1854, Cole was bombed by the British corvette "Miranda", resulting in the city not only lost the Kola prison, dvadtsatiglavogo Resurrection Cathedral, but virtually all residential development. However, after the fire occurred by Cola quickly recovered, though purchased at the same kind of common Pomeranian village: the layout of the city is a few streets with low-rise wooden buildings. Cola population reached its peak in the first half of the XIX century, reaching 900 people [5, p. 15]. In the second half of the XIX century, the number of inhabitants in it dropped to 600 [5, p. 12]. Loss Cola features medieval city has led to the skeptical assessments. Thus, the vice-governor of the Arkhangelsk AY Sofronov believed that "Cola so miserable city, the government acknowledged it useless" [1, p. 13].

In 1899, the county offices were moved from Cole in just based on the location of the colony in Ale-xandrovsk. The main object for which arose and Alexandrovsk, was a commercial port. Alexandrovsk had all the attributes of the city and county government project was actually created in the shortest possible time. In the center, at the pier, located a rectangular area around which were grouped the major institutions -City College, treasury, a police station, a hospital with a maternity ward. From the area of the north-east on the only street - "Avenue" - lined up one-story model homes. They dragged along wooden sidewalks. City funded from the public purse, and among its inhabitants were many employees [1, p. 16-19]. Unlike medieval Cola created a new district center on fundamentally new technical grounds: the city was laid sewerage, electricity. However, the growth of the city (in 1914, its population was 627 inhabitants) and the port was limited to the lack of reliable communications with the center of the country [9, p. 407].

Urbanization, which began in the Kola North after the construction of the Murmansk railway, which grow out of the historical types of the settlements, which included the primitive, the "lower" forms to the more complex (Pic 1). The genesis of the military / industrial city on the Kola Peninsula could be the transformation of the village (Kandalaksha), the county town (Cole, Alexandrovsk-Polar). At the heart of a number of industrial cities in the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk, Kirovsk, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk, Polar, Kovdor, Apatity, Polar Dawns) lay settlements that occurred frequently near the old settlements, but virtually from scratch.

So, officially opened to the October 4, 1916, in 10 km to the north of the former county center of Cola Romanov-on-Murman5 in the first years of its existence, the city could be considered just a formality. Although there is a number of projects for the development and city planning, Murmansk developed spontaneously and buildings were chaotic. As homes population used vagons, dugouts, plywood houses, etc. By 1920, the population of Murmansk was 2.5 thousand of people, and the appearance of the city was more like a camp. Many accommodations are not very suitable for life, their number gradually decreased because of fires and decay. Rather like a conglomeration of villages of Murmansk (rail, port, naval base, and so on), rather than the city. The housing stock of the city in 1926 consisted of 76 buildings with a total usable living space of 1317 square meters. m [2, p. 23], and the city's population by the end of this year - 8777 people6. The slow pace of the population growth helped the unemployment7, that’s why many visitors were forced to leave the city. "The first impression, which the city produces is very sad: chaotic series like haywire houses miserable stalls instead of shops, a pathetic station," - that is how the Murmansk on visitors in the mid 20's. 8. And on this "the village", so to speak, the first principle in the early 1930s, a rapid development of Murmansk, which was due to its transformation into a major center for the fishing industry, education, science and culture.

The specificity of the genesis of a city which owe a number of features of urban development and affect the choice of location and construction, especially the planning and construction, methods of resettlement, adaptation of the alien population and its relationship with local residents, economic specialization areas and the main areas of employment, and living conditions. At the same time, the city in its development process could provoke "suburban" landscapes, a kind of urban "satellites" in the form of towns and villages, is closely related to urban infrastructure. In each case, especially the origin of the Soviet city in the Kola North must identify and methodology of historical research.

Military and industrialized city settlement

PIC. 1. The Continuity of the historic settlement types of Kola Peninsula in the process of the development

The fact that in the region took place a long centuries process of formation of the various types of the historic settlements, largely explains why, in a time when the vast uninhabited spaces of the far north to the east and southeast of Arkhangelsk in the period of industrialization, but there is a "camp" settlements and towns in the Kola North already occurred transition to urbanization.

Illustrated our development of the historical types of the settlements indicates limited frequently used the term of the "colonization" to understand the history of the settlement in the Russian North. "Colonization" is more consistent with the situation of the primary appearance of the village on undeveloped, alien space, is a frontier. And in our case we can talk not only about the colonization of much of the process of development are annexed territories, which imply an increase in the depth and complexity of the cultural rooting landscape "text."