The history and culture of the nenets population

History and culture of the Nenets ethnic group, one of the largest in number among the indigenous people of the North, is a scientific and educational-cognitive significance, especially for the professionals Area Studies. Originally called the Nenets Samoyeds or Samoyeds-Jurak. The mention of this is in the ancient Russian chronicles - "The Tale of Bygone Years". The origin of the term "self-eater" is interpreted in different ways. The most probable is his appearance on «saam-jedna» - Sami land. Distinguish between self-definition, "Hathaway" - the western Yamal Nenets, "Neney nenets" - the eastern Yamal Nenets and "Nenets" - in other groups1. Self-designation "nenets", "Neney nenets" - a real man was put into the official use in 1930

Nenets language belongs to the northern sub-Samoyed branch of the Uralic languages [1, 2008]. Language is divided into two dialects: the tundra, which decays into the western and eastern dialects, and the forest, featuring peculiar phonetic composition. Forest dialect is also divided into a number of the dialects2.

Associated with the formation of the Nenets kulayskoy archaeological culture (V century. BC. E. - V in. District. E.) In the Middle Ob from there, in III-II centuries BCE waves of the migration Samoyeds-kulaytsev entered the lower reaches of the Ob, Irtysh average, Ob and Sayan region. In the first century BCE under pressure from the Huns part Samoyed stepped in the forest area of the Northern European, giving birth to the European Nenets. In the process of the expansion in the near-polar region of Nenets ancestors included in its membership natives who inhabited the north of the Eastern Europe and Western Siberia to the arrival of the Samoyeds. In the XVII century Nenets people have mastered the northern Urals, north of the Yamal Peninsula and moved further to the east, pushing the tribes ancestors Ents, deer hunters, up to the Yenisei. Since the end of the XIX century. Nenets tundra settled in the tundra of the Kola Peninsula to the bottom of the right bank of the Yenisei. Forest Nenets settled in the forest between rivers Ob and Yenisei [1, 2008].

Currently, the Nenets are settled on the vast territory stretching from the west to the east over several thousand kilometers. In the European part of the Nenets released several ranges ("Tundra") Kanin-Timan, Malozemelskaya, Bolshezemelskaya. Beyond the Urals Nenets live in the lower reaches of the Ob and Yenisei, on the Yamal, Taz and Gydan peninsulas. Tundra Nenets are the basis of the indigenous Nenets and Yamal-Nenets autonomous district. Forest Nenets live in the taiga zone of the Yamal-Nenets region along the rivers and Pur Taz, in the north of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Varyogan villages, Agan Lempino, etc., in the south and southwestern Taimyr - Tukhard settlements, etc. Here Potapovo they usually do not constitute a continuous array ethnic live together with other nations3.

The traditional belief system is based on the idea that the world was created the bird-throated diver. She pulled out of the water clod of earth, which gradually evolved into the earth's surface with its numerous mountains, forests, rivers and lakes. Scientists are rightly believe that in this simple "archaic stories" have echoes of the biblical myth of creation, as well as similar myths of the Indians of North America and many other peoples of Siberia4.

In the mythology of the Forest Nenets universe is in the form of three worlds. The worlds are arranged vertically one above the other - Upper, Middle and Lower. Top of the world is above the ground and consists of the seven heavens inhabited by divine beings. Average world is also inhabited by supernatural beings - spirits, guardians and protectors of human, animal, animals, forests, and water. Reliance on the forces of nature has formed the traditional world of forest Nenets that everyone living on Earth and invisible spirits - is constantly interacting create a unified nature5. The lower world is under the earth, and also consists of seven tiers, which are home to evil spirits that bring sickness and death6. «Num "- is the spirit of the sky, led the creation of the world, symbolizing a bright start. On the seven layers of the upper world live supreme gods and spirits, the sons of "Numa." They look like people, and build a herd of deer plague. Thus, in the first layer of the sky, the closest to the ground, the eldest son lives "Numa" - "Yak kehe that." He knows the resettlement of the people on the Earth. In particular, he's told people to live in pairs -a man and a woman. He also gave them the things needed for life: reindeer sledges, jumper and other gods who live on the subsequent layers, may also intervene in the lives of the people, the inhabitants of the Middle World, and according to his will determine the destiny of man. They send people success or failure, give them shamans and empower the mind, bestow health, monitor compliance with the order. Lives on the sixth layer, Jr., one of the most revered sons "Numa" -"howling", sending down fire and acting chief defender of all offended. In the view of the Forest Nenets he is the most powerful and agile of all the sons. In the seventh layer of the sky with the "Numom" lives his wife "Num None" - the defender of the family and children. According to the beliefs of the Nenets, the soul of a child creates a "Num" and hands it to the goddess, "Num None", which knows the destiny of man and the decision about which to be his destiny, writes in the book of fate.

Life of the inhabitants of the Middle World is ruled by two patron "Ayvased dyan'kata" -Mother Earth and Light "Nyan's dan'kata" - a sinner. The first directs the human race for good deeds, and the second is living in the sin and evil deeds headed person. Lord of the Underworld - a dark brother "Numa" - "Nga". Subordinate to him numerous assistants and messengers spirits, departing for the souls of men. In the view of the Forest Nenets, "NGA" has a heavenly origin. It controls the underworld knows death and human disease7.

In addition to the nature spirits of the Nenets existed and family spirits of the patrons. This could be a wooden figurines or small pebbles of the unusual shape. Spirits patrons "lived" in a special trunk that was transmitted through the male line. The female line passed only one guardian spirit - "the old woman plague", which differs from the others chalas spirits that had no material basis and consisted of only a tiny dress8.

Like the Sami, one of the most revered totem animals were deer and bear. The first was considered the epitome of purity. Each farm had a special sacred deer. Usually elected deer white suit on the sides which cuts out the sun sign or image of perfume. These deer are not harnessed to the sled and not killed. The ears and antlers of deer dedicated decorated with red rainbow rib- bons. Revered by some species of fish: pike, sturgeon, burbot. In turn, the wolf was one of the incarnations of evil spirit "ngyleka." His real name - "sarmik" - almost never uttered aloud9.

As the sacred or "light" tree Nenets revered larch. Wood uveshivali offerings - a piece of cloth, animal skins, horns sacrificial deer. Until recently, the sacred larch was near the village of Syuney-fat in the south-east of the Yamal. In the more northern areas of the county where it does not grow, use dry larch, brought from the southern nomads. It is usually placed on sacred sites and near a wooden idols - "syadey" put sacrificial deer antlers10. The most revered tree in the Nenets -birch. Birch was considered a sacred tree by the shamans11. Are made from birch wood household items, birch firewood warm tent, long known for the healing properties of the birch sap and buds present that drink as a tonic for colds [7, 2006].

Important for the Nenets people was the cult of the mountains and rocks. The objects of the worship were some boulders, small stones special shape that are included in the household shrines. On the southern Yamal revered "Bae EPB not" - the owner of the mountains (Bae - Nenets name of the Urals). When Nenets nomads in the area of the Ural mountains, they made sacrifices "mistress", so that she did not send them avalanches. Perhaps the most important to the religious beliefs of the Nenets place specially created by man. They are located at the larch trees or stones special shape can be generic or family12.

According to the beliefs of the Nenets, the link between the worlds of the gods and man playing shaman "Tadibe" –are witch, fortune-tellers, a magician. Among the shamans there is a hierarchy. The most influential position held "vyduttana" –is the shaman of all worlds. He attributed the ability of the hypnotic influence and ability to communicate with spirits supreme deities. Out of fear the name of the shaman "vyduttana" is not even uttered aloud. He was considered a messenger of God "Numa," and asked for help in the exceptional cases. Another shaman "ya'nyangy-tadebya" that can treat and predict the weather, monitor compliance with the customs and morals. A special group is the shaman "sambdorta", able to communicate with the soul of the deceased, to accompany her to a world of peace. Nothing in the religious cults Nenets does not take such an important place as a relation to the deceased. Death itself is not terrible, terrible idea, that the soul of the deceased, deprived of burial, according to tradition, will not find peace in the afterlife. Therefore Nenets attach great importance to the execution of the last duty to the deceased. Per- forming a funeral ceremony lies entirely on the "sambdorte." After all, the soul will move to the next world, but the way back is difficult and full of obstacles. Soul can intercept and destroy many enemies, that it requires a shaman with experience. It can deliver with all precautions soul of the deceased into the realm of eternal rest. An even greater responsibilities in the shaman's "samb-dorta" is his ability to get along with the lord of the underworld - the god of "Nga". If a person is sick, then he moved into the spirit of the disease. And the soul of the shaman is accompanied by a helper spirits to the underworld. You've got to thread the needle to release the soul of the sick person. To this can only "sambdorta." It is the mission of beliefs in spirits of the underworld need for further patient's life master of the soul. To rescue souls from captivity, the shaman takes ingenuity and cunning. He knows what position the spirits. But if they are showing intransigence, then "sambdorta" joins him in the fight. He has two assistants: Shaman "sevtana" - formed from the noun "SEV" - eye, able to force their way into the inner depths of the kingdom, "Nga" and another aide - Shaman "Ilta" giving life, tell fortunes. All three of them, again with the help of spirits, have a variety of the services to patients [3, 2012].

Beginning of the Christianization of the European Nenets belongs to the 20th years of the nineteenth century. However, the overall tolerance of the sacraments contemporaries noted the weak absorption of the foundations of Christian dogma Nenets. And among the first attempts to Siberian Nenets Christianization met resistance. As a result of the introduction of Christianity in the Nenets culture there is a syncretic religion of the state. Thus, under the influence of Christianity, the presiding deity of the Nenets "Num" takes on the features of the Christian God. In the pantheon of spiritual masters in the form of "Syaday-Mikola" - the patron of crafts, included St. Nicholas. Nenets noted a number of Christian holidays were Orthodox crosses, in the interior of the home are the usual icons. Elements of domestic orthodoxy have spread through a variety of contacts with the Russian Nenets people. In the overall assessment of the state of religious syncretism Nenets noted that "the influence of the Christian faith was primarily in the superficial and did not affect deeply on the traditional religious views of the Nenets." After the Soviet era revival of Orthodox life in the Nenets Autonomous District is at the beginning of 90th of the last century13.

Official statistics of religiosity in Russia does not allow the regional cutoff, but analysis of calendar holidays Nenets really captures the close relationship with the Orthodox holidays Nenets major cycles of economic life: the Annunciation - the beginning of spring migrations; Egorov day -it was believed that at this time it is necessary to approach the hospitality places); feast of St. Ni- cholas - the beginning of break-up, Peter's Day - the end of vonzevogo fishing, Elijah's day - the middle of summer, of the Assumption - killing deer in the jumper, etc.14The traditional national holidays Nenets should include Spring gifting heavenly god of thunder deer. Nenets old-timers remember how in the old days, they and their ancestors celebrated a spring festival. On this day, the Nenets asked god of thunder on a warm summer, bestow good luck and well-being of sufficient food for deer in summer pastures. In the 1930-ies, it replaced the official Day of reindeer. However, December 14, 2007 Day of the deer was re-approved law NAO Administration [5, 2003].

The folk culture of the Nenets shows typical for all genres of the northern people and is well represented in the work of L.V. Khomich [6, 1995]. In the oral folklore widespread tales, lyrical songs and riddles. Differ in fairy tales, among them the well-known place is occupied by the modified Russian fairy tales and stories about animals. Some tales about animals have endings, which indicate their mythological origin. Subject Nenets mysteries closely related to the main occupations of the Nenets, a nomadic way of life, nature and wildlife of the tundra. Song lyrics are usually improvised and did not have such a stable, the existing text as other genres. They were often sung while traveling across the tundra, and the artist describes them in poetic form, the purpose of travel, the natural environment, the mood [6, 1995].

In the arts and crafts of the Nenets most developed bone carving and wood, inlaid wood with tin, ornaments and multi-colored fur cloth, follow-emy technique of mosaic, wooden religious sculpture. Of wood products carvings sometimes decorated pipes and beater for dislodging snow from the furs. In the Nenets, especially to the west of the Pechora River, a few decades ago, has been extended marquetry tin or lead on cuttings knives and snuff-boxes. Women's clothes were decorated with bands of ornament their fur white and black mosaic technique performed. Ornamentation is usually produced from Camus (foot cord with a deer). Besides clothes, ornaments decorated bags for storing sewing supplies and other fur utensils. Ornament on fur garments consisted of the geometric shapes and was often very difficult.

Sculpture by the Nenets had exclusively religious in the nature. Wooden carved anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images (containers) spirits who sacrificed. Anthropomorphic figures met dual form: sticks of the different sizes with roughly cut on the top of a person or a number of the individuals and more carefully carved figures of people. Zoomorphic sculptures usually depicted a wolf or a loon [6, 1995].

Nenets folk music is diverse in genres. The most widely nennymi are the epics, which are divided into two main types: heroic songs, songs about heroes, heroes and songs, laments. Heroic songs - the most ancient and archaic. The main topics they are searching for the wife and the blood feud. Song-laments are usually stories about the misadventures of a person. Apparently, their appearance relates to a later period, as some of them there is a reflection of class stratification and exploitation. By the nature of the Nenets epic deeply realistic. There is nothing mystical, otherworldly. The heroes of the epic - Nenets reindeer herders and hunters, deer fighting for women, for their rights. The realistic nature of the product makes it an epic valuable not only from an artistic point of view but also as a kind of historical source about the past of the Nenets. In the Nenets clearly reveals the epic life, economic activities, and human relationships. Nenets epics sung. Melody songs original and close to recitative, but each product have its own motive. The best performers of epic works are highly respected by the people. As the musical instruments used Nenets playing onions (hit the arrow), which plays a vein, the two-stringed lute, various whistles and Tweeters15.

In the modern conditions the traditional culture of the Nenets given a new impetus to development. In the NAO and Yamal, Taimyr successfully worked national ensembles "Khayarov", "Maymbava", "Numgykotsya", "Serasev", "Yamal", "Heiro", "Bus-kan", an experimental community theater "Ilebts" arts club art, "Tukotsya" Center of national cultures in Yamal...16In the Nenets Autonomous District in the area of folk art are more than 300 amateur club groups, in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, on the basis of cultural and leisure facilities operates 650 groups of amateur folk art of the different genre orientation. Creativity masters of the folk songs R.G. Kel-china, L.I. Kelchinoy, T.N. Lahr, N.E. Longortovoy, G.A. Puyko, E.L. Tesido and other matters beyond the limits of the autonomous area. Among the performers of folk songs known the name of a talented researcher Nenets culture EG Susoy and the ensemble of the national song "Seetey Yamal" ("Singing Jamal"). A great contribution to the development of the musical culture Yamal made SN Nyaruy - Nenets composer, Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation, a keen collector and arranger of Nenets folklore17.

In the field of the folk arts and crafts in the NAO two companies, and over 300 DIY enthusiasts made leather and fur, horns and bones of deer, wood, portrayed in an artistic hand knitting and patchwork, lace and beading18.

In Dudinka were held presentations of the academic publication "Folklore Nenets", the book "Tales of antiquity" in Nenets and many others. Success with the audience enjoyed performances by famous Nenets folklore groups "Sinyuk" and "Numgycha" of the Ust-Yenisei region19.

Nenets, like other indigenous people of the North, have their own writing in the early 1930s. In 1932 he published the first primer in Nenets. Its author was the first Soviet expert on the languages of the Samoyed GN Prokofiev. In Nenets already in these years began to publish books and papers [4, 1982]. At a high level of native language influenced by factors such as monoethnicity and compact accommodation, a high proportion of the Nenets, employed in traditional sectors of life (25.7%), distance from the busy ways of civilization, availability of the schools in the villages with their own language20. The Nenets language literature published, broadcast conducted in two autonomous districts are newspapers. Language is taught in school to grade 8, inclusive, in some schools it is studied and optional in high school. Nenets language teachers since 1930., Prepare teaching school in Naryan-Mar and Salekhard RGPU Herzen in St. Petersburg [2, 1986].

At the same time among the Nenets retained the traditional system of acquiring knowledge in the practical life and close contact with nature. According to the aggregate of various factors, they are able to find the right direction, getting with some knowledge of geography, natural science, astronomy. Thus, the Nenets reindeer herders well oriented by the stars, constellations, and knowing some of their posi-tion at different times in relation to the countries of the world. In the Nenets language, there are many names for the stars and constellations. In winter, the Nenets have found a way on the snow drifts, which are the prevailing winds in the tundra are almost always located in the same direction. Hunter or reindeer, going on a journey, notice the angle with respect to the drifts, which went under, and then have adhered to this ratio. In the wake of being left sleigh and reindeer, Nenets could easily calculate the time when the sled is passed over this place. During a snowstorm stopping to stay on the road, travelers notice the wind direction and at the end of the weather, when usually not see a single object, a single track rather easily selected from the boundless plains. The Nenets people involved in hunting, well aware habits of the ani- mals and birds distinguish their voices. Nenets for the typical community-based organization of the life.

Just keeping their culture and traditional knowledge systems, Nenets ethnic group has all the features to survive in the process of еthe transformational change in the conditions of the globalization and preserve their identity and originality.