The modern meaning of geodesy and cartography

Geodesy and cartography are indispensable helpers in modern design and construction. What is geodesy and cartography, why take them into account, what is their importance? These Sciences are known for a long time, they came to us from the ancient Greeks, but still remain relevant, actively developed and closely related to other disciplines. So what is the modern value of geodesy and cartography, why do they need? The answer to this question begins with the following definition. Geodesy is the science dedicated to measuring the size and shape of the planet Earth, as well as objects located on its surface and its gravitational field. The resulting information is the initial data for the preparation of calculations, plans, schemes, projects.

The modern stage of development of world science is characterized by the most intensive development of its areas and sections, which occupy a borderline position, i.e. combine elements and methodology of several scientific areas, at the junction of which they arose. In recent years, in the scientific environment of geographers there is a kind of" Renaissance " toponomics - significantly increasing attention to this scientific direction. Cartography and toponomics are two Sciences, which, in addition to their borderline position in geography, can be characterized as cross - cutting for it, i.e.: covering the whole family of geographical Sciences, without which none of them can do. After all, the language of geography is the map, and the language of the map, in turn, along with the system of conventional signs, are geographical names - place names. Today we can say that there is a gradual integration of these two areas of scientific thought-toponomics and cartography. And this process is carried out primarily at the regional level.

Cartography is a science dedicated to the study, modeling, graphical display of objects and natural phenomena in space, as well as the study of their relationship and impact on the environment. According to the results are flat, relief and volumetric maps. But in addition, science studies and analyzes existing maps, their sign systems, sources and theories of their construction. As you can see, geodesy and cartography are closely linked, especially in the modern world. The first science collects data, and the second helps to turn the information into figurative-sign models.

Naturally, this process involves other disciplines, often derived from the ones under consideration. So, in many cases today are inseparable geodesy and topography — the science of surveying the surface of the planet Earth and the presentation of the data on the plans. But this relationship should be considered in the context of the modern value of science. What is the modern value of geodesy and cartography: why do they need? The role of these Sciences is difficult to overestimate, especially if we talk about the construction industry and engineering research. Any property, the more large-scale, just dangerous to build on the old maps. And they can really get old in a few years and even more decades, because in nature everything is constantly changing.

Therefore, in the framework of engineering surveys in preparation for the construction of the object often pay attention to this side and topography, and geodesy, and cartography: adjust maps, plans, calculations in accordance with the actual size, shape and conditions of the landscape. Moreover, in some cases, the natural conditions of the area, plot, construction area should be studied. In such situations, experts resort to the tools and capabilities of geodesy and cartography: they analyze the landscape, diagnose underground conditions, take into account watercourses and reservoirs, the state of the soil, existing structures, communications, planning elements. Based on these results and relevant maps are given a comprehensive assessment of the district, precinct, square, and composed of the mathematical terrain models, offers engineering solutions. The demand for geodesy and cartography is obvious - it is the science that provides information for the design and therefore constantly evolving. To obtain the necessary data on the terrain and terrain features today is enough to take to the air by plane. All the necessary areas can be photographed, and then study and analyze.

Geodesy and cartography, with their "younger brothers" like topography and such effective tools as aerial photography — are indispensable in modern design and construction. Modern geodesy is a multifaceted science that solves complex scientific and practical problems. Engineering geodesy studies methods of geodetic support in the development of projects, construction and operation of various structures, as well as in the study, development and protection of natural resources. Engineering geodesy is closely related to other geodetic disciplines and uses measurement methods and instruments designed for General geodetic purposes. Engineering-geodetic measurements are performed directly on the ground in different physico-geographical conditions, it is therefore necessary to promote the conservation of the natural environment: to prevent damage to forests, agricultural land, not to pollute the water [1].

Since the scientific and technical issues of development of the cartographic and geodetic industry at the present stage are very relevant. Specialists of our

Institute annually make a significant contribution to the development of this area, as well as work together not only with domestic but also with foreign partners.