The peculiarity of stylistic devices in literary translation

Translation plays an important role in increasing awareness and understanding, among diverse cultures and nations. Literary translations in particular help these different cultures reach a compromise. A literary translation must reflect on the imaginative, intellectual and intuitive writing of the author. Basically, translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. That process is done by changing the form by the first language to the second language. According to Theodor Savory, literal translation of a literary work does not reproduce the effect of the original. Because, literature allows multiple interpretation. There should be freedom in literary translations to consider a wide range of implicates. Thus, rendering the equivalent effect of the original requires freedom to explore different interpretations. That approach is meant to achieve relevance in translation. Generally, linguists distinguish different types of meaning. When it relates language to events, entities, it is named referential, denotative meaning. When it relates language to the mental state of the speaker, it is regarded as attitudinal, connotative or expressive meaning. If the extra-linguistic situation affects the interpretation of the text, it is called contextual, interpersonal, situational meaning. Any level in English has its own significance, because it plays a role in the total meaning e.g. phonetic, lexical, grammatical, semantic and pragmatic meaning. In order to express and show appropriate meaning of the situational characters, there is also used stylistic translation method in literature by using metonymy, metaphor and symbolism, allegory.

Metaphors are a form of figurative language, which refer to words or expressions that mean something different from their literal definition. In the case of metaphors, the literal interpretation would often be pretty silly. Often, you can use a metaphor to make your subject more relatable to the reader or to make a complex thought easier to understand. Metaphors show up in literature, poetry, music and writing, but also in speech. Especially, in the work of William Shakespeare we can see several examples of them.

For instance, in Macbeth, Lady Macbeth urges her husband to wash his bloody hands after he has murdered King Duncan:

and wash this filthy witness from your hand

In this line the author puts the blame on the" hand" by calling this filthy witness. The translation of this line into Uzbek as following:

O’z ruhingni bo’shashtirma , suv olib darhol , Qo’lingdagi qonlarni yuv yuqi qolmasin.

Another stylistic term is metonymy that is frequently used in literature. Metonymy is a word or phrase that is used to stand in for another word. Sometimes a metonymy is chosen because it is well-known characteristic of the word. It usually refers to something or someone by naming one of its attributes. In short, metonymy helps us think about things in creative ways so that we recognize how they are sometimes so connected that you can substitude one thing for the other in a sentence. For example, in the work " Gone Wth the Wind" Scarlet O'Hara pouts to the Tarletton twins:

"I am mightly glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it seceded or it would have ruined the Christmas parties."

By "Georgia," Scarlet refers to everything which makes up a state: politicians, generals, citizens--the state itself is not seceding. Using country's name to refer to the whole nation, or just the government, is common in politics. Another example for metonymy in William Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar," Antony declares, "Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears." Readers can not read the phrase "lend me your ears" literally, as Antony is not expecting his listeners to physically hand over their ears. This makes the statement metaphorical. It is also an example of metonymy because "ears" represents the idea of listening.

Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. For instance, there is given blood as a symbolized pattern. From the bleeding Captain in the beginning to Macbeth’s bleeding head at the end, literal blood dripped from every page. But, in my view, it is imagined blood that really counts. Eventually, imagined blood comes to symbolize guilt for both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. After he murdered Duncan, Macbeth supposes that even “ Great Neptune’s Ocean” could not wash away his stain of guilt after Lady Macbeth tells him to go “get some filthy witness” from his hands. With the help of literary translation these lines are as following:

Yo’q, Neptunning jumla dengiz-okeanlari Bu qonlarni yuvolmagay. Qo’limning uchi Tegsa, hatto qizaradi dengiz tubi ham

An allegory is a story with two levels of meaning. First, there is the surface of the story, the characters and plot and that obvious stuff. Then there is the symbolic level, or the deeper meaning that all the jazz on the surface represents. In this literary style, the authors represent their ideas by using animals. Aesop's Fables can be saliant examples of allegory. It is probably the first allegorical work that most people read. Credited to Aesop who lived in ancient Greece, it is a collection of short stories, like The Fox and the Grapes, The Tortoise and the. Hare, that became a source of moral messages. Aesop used animals and their actions to allegorically represent human beings and our way of living.

In conclusion, the stylistic patterns provide the readers to approach meant ideas by giving appropriate examples taken from life. In this case, the literary translation plays a vital role in comprehension aimed in any literary work.