The Problem of design and implementation of the development of strategy of the Russian Arctic in terms of theory of I. Adizes

Relevance to the treatment of the subject is caused by a number of anxiety symptoms indicating the troubles in the development and implementation of the development strategy of the Russian Arctic in the context of the ongoing "great redistribution of the Arctic" [1, p. 107-123], the section of the continental shelf, the internationalization efforts of the Northern Sea Route, the growth of the military-political activity of all the Arctic states, lack of hydrocarbons, global climate change. From the standpoint of strategic management concerns, first of all, the failure to provide strategic guidance in real time in the growing rather complicated geopolitical situation and the appearance of the internal tension in the upcoming elected cam-panies in Russia itself. In the two years since the approval of the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev core document "Principles of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic up to 2020 and beyond"1 and failed to develop and adopt them provided "Strategy for the Development of the Russian Arctic and national security for the period up to 2020»2. Her project, passed in October 2010 of the Ministry of Regional Development to the Government, as noted by A. Litvinov, "was lost in the ice" due to lack of finance for action, over a wide range of interests and had polar bureaucracy, and therefore is not fully understood with the official the status of the document, the government switched to develop-ment of the state program of development of the "cap of the world" [2]. But with the state program "Economic and social development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for 2011-2020" the situation is no better. According to the director of the Center of the economy of the North and the Arctic Alexander Pilyasova, "according to a government decree, the period of development of the state program is to start in March 2011. We have sent working materials for this state program in the Ministry of Regional Development in December 2010. We hope that in the end it will be developed and adopted "[2]. However, the project itself and the Russian state program "Economic and social development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for 2011-2020" (SOE "Arctic"), developed by the State Research Institution "Council for the Study of productive forces - CAS" (theme leader - Acting Chairman of the CAS Razbegin VN) was not without some weaknesses, too much descriptive and other disadvantages. Project SE "Arctic" SOPS almost was not consistent with the project "Strategy for the Development of the Russian Arctic and national security for the period up to 2020." And some of the provisions of these two projects, even contradicted each other (goals, objectives, structure of the Russian Arctic, the management of the Arctic). This bifurcation of two major projects on the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation does not logically justified and does not meet the interests of the Russian state. Manifest different approaches to the composition of the Russian Arctic, given time, personal assessment of the area and population of the Russian Arctic. The draft SE "Arctic" absent shaft integral interconnected system of the objective indicators, metrics, and evaluation of the expected results, the ways to achieve them.

Thus, summarizing the above, you can pre-allocate the main factors affecting the establishment of an effective system of strategic management of the Russian Arctic: the lack of the state of financial and other resources, conflict of interest, low efficiency of state power and administration, delaying implementation of previous decisions even the level of the President of Russia, is not high enough quality for Strategic Studies, in particular, the draft state program of the Russian Federation "Economic and social development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for 2011-2020" (SOE "Arctic"). Is also apparent underestimation of the role of the northern federal universities in intellectual, scientific and educational protecting the national interests of Russia in the Arctic.

With the possible success of the "Strategy for the Development of the Russian Arctic and the national security for the period up to 2020" is linked, first of all, out of a difficult situation in which our country was. The current state of the public sphere of Russian society shows an awareness of a significant number of the citizens of the fact that the results of the socio-political transformation the past 20 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, called Russian President Vladimir Putin "the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century"3, fell short of the expectations. Even the President of the Russian Federation DA Medvedev had noted that "the prestige of the Fatherland and the national well-being can not be determined until infinity achievements of the past, because the manufacturing facilities for the extraction of oil and gas that provide the lion's share of budget revenues, nuclear weapons to guarantee our security, industrial and public infrastructure - all this created mostly by Soviet specialists "4.

All this suggests that Russian society was the most important, from the point of view of the theory of change management, the stage - the stage of awareness of the need for change on a new basis. But in order to create this entirely new basis for future changes, you must clearly identify the major mistakes made in the previous phase, characterized by AG Fonotovym and OV Gaman-Golutvina as a transition from the traditional to the mobilization type of innovation inherent in the Western developed countries. AG Fonotov noted that "the need for the survival of society and the state in extraordinary circumstances forced them to resort to emergency funds, and the reproduction of the process in a systematic way is the cause of the mobilization type of development. This characteristic feature of Russian history has repeatedly observed by different authors "[3, p. 104].

A similar interpretation of the characteristics of the development of our country has put forward DA Andreev and G. Bordyugov [4, p. 14]. In their version, the optimal model was the modernization of the West, that is, evolutionary improvement being as an individual, and society as a whole in the value system of progressive liberalism and progress. Emancipation in the framework of the political culture has become a main point of human activity. Permanent balance of interests is not left alternative social self-organization, which provides more power played a role ("night watchman" or a high-manager). Our history of these authors to the fundamentally different (mobilization) development, nonlinear, unable to be on an evolutionary model of modernization. The maximum concentration of national public resources caused by the need to resolve systemic crises, performing its intended purpose, is weakening, then the accumulated "stocks" start "eaten away". When will "eat away" will become nothing more, again there is a crisis, to overcome which will require re-mobilization.

As AG Fonotov and OV Gaman Golutvina linked the transformation of power with the change of the type of the development [5, 1998]. From her point of view, because of the significant influence of the ruling elite in the formulation and adoption of the most important strategic decisions need for change and the result is largely dependent on the culture and qualitative composition of the elite. The main contradiction of the political elite recognized its inner duality (ie, a collision between the personal and the public interest). The dominance of private interests drastically reduces the effectiveness of the ruling class, which leads to a deterioration of the socio-economic condition of the society and makes his supreme power to begin the update. However, the process of renovation of the elites largely determined by the type of the society.

External factors (military threat, ideological influence, etc.) have a modifying effect on the processes of social development. The choice of Russian society mobilization type of development contributed to the extremely unfavorable climatic conditions that contribute to the deficit necessary for the development of resources and the need to protect against the constant threat of external ag- gression. In this type of government dominated by civil society, and private interests were put under the authority of the public. Rotation of elites carried out by means of "cleansing" carried out the recruitment of other interests on meritocratic principles.

In developed Western countries that have at their disposal necessary for the development of the resources, the development of the society was achieved through the implementation of the individual economic interests. Rotation and recruiting elites were carried out as a result of "bargaining" between the state and the civil society, but the recruitment of the political elites was carried out of the dominant economic interests as the main actors of the development.

The Russian experience of the recent decades shows that the rejection of the mobilization type of development was a mistake. Trying to assign to the "new Russian" a leading role in the development of society was not successful. Get free stupendous wealth, the new elite began to live just for fun, because the state could not (or would not) require it to perform confers on the social role of the full, first of all solve the problem of innovation development in Russia. As a result of the attempt of Russia's transition from a traditional to an opposite him mobilization innovative development failed.

Based on the considered material, we go to a higher level of the analysis of the changes, as the issues of life of any system directly depend on the degree of the adaptation to its environment. Modernization is not to become like the developed Western countries, but in order to bring the social system in line with the renewed life of its external environment. For this reason, today we must recognize that the values and institutions of democracy built on the basis of the dominant adapted to Russian conditions of the liberal ideology, to modernize the country impossible. It is impossible, first of all, because the basic value, as rightly pointed SE Kurginyan recognized as money, which gives rise to the criminalization of society and the expansion of manners. Multiple facts show that a large part of law enforcement officials or merged with the crime, or they themselves were engaged in criminal activity for personal gain. The situation is aggravated by the numerous cases of irrational use of banal and embezzlement of the public funds, which do not receive proper legal assessment.

So the milice can be called "police" or give it another name, but without a return to the true values of the society, the reform will not fundamentally major changes, apart from wasting huge amounts of money to replace the labels. Therefore, the assumption policymakers that "the forecast period Arctic zone is on a mission of financial and economic support to the country's transition to innovative development", and "new resource megaprojects development of the Arctic zone must create a powerful impetus to innovation throughout the Russian economy in the leading sectors Russian industry (engineering, shipbuilding, defense industry, in industrial research institutes, design bureaus, companies that create technologies and means of studying the earth's crust) and serve as the financial backbone for the implementation of the investment projects, providing the possibility of Russia's transition to an innovative way of development "5, can be not realised

At the same time, we should recognize the possible creation of a fundamentally new framework for modernization based on gaining wide popularity in our country change management theory I. Adizes [6]. Of fundamental importance in this theory are several positions. The effectiveness of the development of society, that is, the extent to which basic social functions will be determined by how successful it will be to manage change in the short and long term, taking decisions and implement them. This is due to the fact that the changes lead to events that may be a source of problems (opportunities or threats to the system). Every problem is caused by the change gives rise to a solution that will cause another change, generating a new set of problems, etc. Thus, we obtain the cycle: changing - problem - solution - update 2, etc. The greater the scale and speed of change, the more numerous and complex are the problems that we get. Because the changes do not stop, problems arise constantly, and always force us to adopt and implement solutions. When one set of problems will be solved, it will be replaced by a new set, as a rule, more complex problems. Successful management requires the solution of current problems and prepares to address the challenges of tomorrow. Because the life cycle of the organization is predictable, the knowledge of its position on the curve of the life cycle allows organizations to use preventive measures to mitigate or avoid their problems. [7]

From the point of view of the success of the changes are of the particular importance following the ideas of Aristotle: "It is good in all circumstances, subject to compliance with two conditions: one -the correct setting of the problem and the ultimate goal of any kind of activity, the second - finding all sorts of tools that lead to the ultimate singing. It may happen that both of these requirements will contradict each other, and it may be that they will be the same, because sometimes the target is defined fine, but mistakes are made in the media, leading to its achievement, in other times have the means leading to the goal, but the goal is set bad "[8, p. 126].

Therefore, it is important to be clear that any upgrade involves at least three dimensions. On the one hand, the question is about the method of forming the normative standard, either by borrowing from the "advanced countries", either by design. On the other hand, the question is about how to implement this standard in life, either by force, in the event of a failure of political leaders to engage in dialogue with civil society or non-violently, in a dialogue with civil society. Thirdly, the question is about the extent to which the regulatory requirements of the standard of "modernity". [9]

When upgrading to decide on the method of forming the reference sample and the method for selecting alternative method implementation. Therefore, the political system will have to be in constant readiness for change management, the timely selection of an effective model for the modernization and its effective implementation. The prerequisite for this is the presence of a complemen- tary team leadership of the country that implements four main functions: production results, administration, business and integration. In the methodology I. Adizes, these functions must be linked to specific roles (Producer result, Administrator, Entrepreneur, Integrator) within any organization. The problems of any organization linked to the assimilation of these alternate functions (roles) as you progress through different stages of growth (Courtship, Infancy, Go-Go, Youth, Rise) and the weakening them as you progress through the stages of aging (Aristocracy, Salem City, Bureaucracy ) of its life cycle.

At the stage of courtship organization develops the function of entrepreneurship, at the stage of Infancy - the results of the production function (the function of business temporarily leaves the party), and in step Come on learning to implement these functions simultaneously. At the stage of Youth mastered administration function, and then the organization learn to implement functions of administration, production and business results at the same time. The function of business is institutionalized through the transfer from the founder of the organization. At the stage of the Blossom mastered all four functions that allows the organization to be effective and efficient in the long term and short term

The Russian Federation, born in the liberal project, the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin has successfully moved from the stage to the stage of Infancy Come on. Proof of this assertion is the completion of the formation and strengthening of a major system of government, as well as an opportunity to create in 2004 the Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation by the proceeds received, mainly due to a significant increase in world prices for oil and gas sector. State, to teach at the stage of Infancy meet the needs for the good of the limited number of the most active citizens in step Let's Go has set itself the following objectives are: "a high standard of living in the country, living a safe, free and comfortable, mature democracy and a vibrant civil society; the strengthening of Russia's position in the world6. It must be admitted that the Russian Government has implemented a range of therapeutic activities provided at this stage of the methodology I. Adizes7. For example, with the real possibilities were determined priorities and objectives designed installation. An attempt was made to strengthen the integration of society by a small number of large parties. Began ordering of the various organs of power through targeted programs.

At the same time, the global financial crisis of 2008-2010. showed that in the post-Soviet period, despite the favorable economic conditions in the oil and gas market, failed to create an innovative economy. The crisis has raised doubts about the ability of social partnership to ensure coordination of the interests of political power, owners, employees and the state. It turned out that the integration of the company due to set up the party system of a limited number of major parties could not be concluded that the society has been a sharp fall in mutual trust and respect, it was not possible to create an effective state that the system of government is not able to institutionalize the function of entrepreneurship. All this explains the motivation behind the statement of the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev that "in the twenty-first century, our country again need comprehensive modernization. And it will be the first experience of modernization based on the values and institutions of democracy "8. According to the methodology I. Adizes, this should be openly called all the problems legitimizing the need for change, which gives them extra energy, to define a new vision system (core values) to establish a system to bypass the introduction of entrepreneurship in the system. As such a system bypasses surgery and is expected to use the project of the Arctic.

From the point of view of I. Adizes, the probability of making the right decisions increases in democracy as a political regime that encourages open discussion and jealously protects the freedom of the information, freedom of debate and freedom of the press, providing the opportunity of making good decisions. At the same time, in a democracy, it is very difficult to implement political decisions requiring changes as necessary for that legitimate political polyphony becomes an obstacle to the implementation of solutions. Fast (correct) implementation of decisions provides a totalitarian political regime, but it does not allow discussions of doubts and questions, which makes the exchange of information necessary for making informed judgments, and therefore reduces the chance of making good decisions. Fast implementation is achieved by limiting the freedom of the press, of assembly and debate. Therefore, to ensure good governance I. Adizes proposed a "demokraturu" a democracy in decision-making and dictatorship in their implementation [6, p. 22]. The difficulty is to use the principles of the democracy and dictatorship in the correct sequence.

Based on the foregoing, for the effective implementation of the decisions we need to develop the necessary management capacity by bringing us the required resources distributed among different people. But the differences of interests and styles of behavior of citizens in the community can cause a conflict. In order to translate the inevitable conflict in a constructive channel, you must create and maintain an atmosphere of mutual trust. When people know that they are all working to the same ambitious goals, it will be easier to make concessions. Even if today the group has taken a decision that is unprofitable for a particular individual, it will not be any doubt that in time the decision will be beneficial to him. Trust means that you have to consider the interests of others, because in the long run, they are identical to yours, and want to focus on the response from others. Thanks to an atmosphere of mutual trust, we can qualitatively implement the decisions taken in life. On the basis of mutual trust arises mutual respect, which is defined willingness to listen to the opinions of others and to learn from anyone who is able to contribute to the cause, no matter how much he was no different from you and me. The presence of an atmosphere of mutual respect provides enrichment ideas and broaden their horizons colleagues, and because of this - making the right decisions.

The trust also allows the solidarity needed to build power in the political system, from the point of view of Parsons can provide a significant increase in the efficiency of collective action. Thus, the presence of trust in the community will ensure the internal integration of society and its successful adaptation to the environment, i.e. modernization.

Рис.1. URL: /files/articles/ 51/5135/513586/

On the basis of the material studied was possible to formulate a number of the recommendations for the establishment of an effective system design and implementation of the development strategy of the Russian Arctic. For the development and implementation of the strategy should be created a complementary team, ensuring the implementation of the four basic functions (production result, administration, business and integration) in the short and long term. This group should be in constant readiness for change management, the timely selection of an effective model for the development of the strategy and its effective implementation, taking into account socio-cultural characteristics of the society. The normative sample is to be built on a new system of values, ensuring the formation of this team, and later in the whole Russian society an atmosphere of mutual respect and trust. In this strategy implementers together should have the necessary managerial energy. Change the value system involves replacing the legitimate symbolic picture of the world and the destruction of the old system of values. Thus there is a gap between the requirements of the formal and informal institutions, generating of the socio-cultural tensions in society, so the agents of change should be a mechanism of the institutional adaptation of the society to change.