The school in the life of the students and the population of the Euro-pean North (an example is Vologodskaya village) At the second half XIX – beginning of XX century

The development of primary school in Russia in the second half of XIX - early XX century, was in close relations with the cultural, socio-economic and socio-political processes taking place in the country. In the state transformations in this period, a special place was given to the reforming of the education system. The reforms were aimed at creating the country's new institutions and the spread of education among the peasant population. For the majority of Russian peasants Elementary School was the only place where they could learn to read and write, enjoy reading books that expand your knowledge. The end of primary school for some of the villagers became a kind of stepping stone to further education in secondary and sometimes universities have contributed to the success of their commercial and trade matters. Therefore the study of the dynamics of the number of students, their class and age and sex composition, as well as to the process of training is very important in studying the specifics of primary education in the districts of Vologda Province.

Today when humanity is faced with serious challenges in its movement forward (economic and social crises, globalization and its effects, scientific and technological progress, rapid enrichment of some and the impoverishment of others, etc.), changes the whole paradigm of education under the influence social, political and economic processes. Changes have taken place and in the minds of humans [1].

To the beginning of activity of local agencies in 1865 in 416 schools in Vologda province enrolled 8657 people, which was less than 1% of all school-aged children [8, p. 7].Thanks to the efforts of local government networks of primary schools, which has gradually increased, leading to the greater enrollment of children of school age, and was in 1912 - 75, 589 students in the 1750 primary schools. Number of students by grade level was as follows:

Table 1

The development of school network and the number of the pupils, who studies in the Vologodskii region in 1865-1912

Years Types of schools

1865

1870

1895

1898

1902

1903

1910

1912

Zemskii schools	78	75	242	217	306	328	696	1009
Minister schools	-			18	23	28	50
Parish schools	338	475	678	462	515	538	722	741
«Literacy schools»	-			367	427	443	81
Total number of primary schools	416	550	918	1 063	1 274	1 342	1 549	1 750
The total number of pupils at the first of January of this year.	8 657	7 588	34 831	43 038	54 323	-	66 234	75 589

Calculated by: Current school statistics of the Vologda Province Zemstvo. Vologda, 1904. p. 63, Vol. Eight. Vologda, 1910. p. 1, Vol. 7. Vologda, 1909. p. 1, Losev, S. About the lower schools of Vologda Province. Vologda, 1911. p. 55; Primary Education in Vologda Province. T. II. Yaroslavl, Vologda, 1902. p. 7 Yearbook of Vologda Province. Vologda, 1911. p. 71, 147-148; Primary Education in Vologda // Northern Territory. In 1899. Number 119.p. 2; Gaveau. F. 34. Gn. A. D. 991. L. 31.

Statistics show that over the fifteen-year period (1895-1910 years), the number of students has almost doubled. However, these data "come alive" only in comparison with the data of the total number of school-age children. So, at the end of the XIX century the percentage of students in the Vologda province was 36 % in 1898 to the beginning of the second decade of the XX century, it increased to 53 % in 19121.

Let’s consider the distribution of the number of children in the country (table 2).

Table 2

The number of children of the school age in the Vologodskii region to the first of January
The names of the regions	The number of children of the school age
	Study in the schools			Not in the schoools
	total	Civil department	Spiritual department
Vologodskii	19 029	6 665 (35 %)	2 875 (15 %)	9 489 (50 %)
Gryazovezkii	9 557	3 061 (31 %)	2 162 (22 %)	4 537 (475)
Velskii	11 752	3 790 (32 %)	2 545 (23 %)	5 417 (45 %)
Ustygskii	14 569	4 766 (32 %)	3 550 (25 %)	6 253 (43 %)
Solvichegodskii	12 469	8 868 (31 %)	3 384 (27 %)	5 212 (42 %)
Kadnikovskii	18 868	5 079 (27 %)	3 059 (16 %)	10 730 (57 %)
Totemskii	14 345	4 806 (33 %)	2 435 (17 %)	7 104 (50 %)
Nikolskii	26 237	8 244 (31 %)	3 360 (13 %)	14 633 (56 %)
Ustsisolskii	11 258	5 463 (48 %)	2 153 (19 %)	3 742 (33 %)
Yarenskii	4 424	2 075 (36 %)	2 349 (41 %)	1 326 (23 %)
The total number in the Bologodskii region	142 508	47 717 (33 %)	27 872 (20 %)	66 919 (47 %)
Calculated from: Yearbook of Vologda province. Vologda, 1911. P. 71.

From the statistics of the school - age children cen be seen that in the Vologodskii region in the early XX centuary, 47% of school – age children were out of school. A small portion of them would like to visit it, but let a number of factors, such as, for example, in the 1904-1905 school year was denied 330 (51 %) wish because of the "crowding the room," 141 (22 %) - due to "late "89 (14 %) - on the early childhood, 57 (9 %) - the" too old "and 27 (4 %) failures due to unknown reasons. Data are presented only for the zemskii schools2.

It should be noted that the increase in the number of students in the zemskii schools went faster than in the parish. During the fifteen-year period (1895-1910 years), number of children in them increased by 22 thousand people, and in the schools of the spiritual authorities of 10 thou- sand people3. The main reason for increasing the coverage of school-age children in primary education was as an initiative of the zemstvo activists, and propaganda among the peasants about the benefits of primary education and literacy4. Another feature of the period of 1870-1914 years, that the number of boys in schools was more than girls

Table 3 The distribution of the number of pupils in the district of Vologodskii region according by gender for the 1902-1903 school years

pupils regions	Total number of boys and girls	Boys	Girls	% boys	% girls
Vologodskii	2 130	1 664	466	78,1	21,9
Gryazovezkii	3 285	2 508	777	76,3	23,7
Velskii	2 634	1 850	784	70,2	29,8
Ustygskii	2 310	2 442	468	83,9	16,1
Solvichegodskii	2 321	1 990	331	85,7	14,3
Kadnikovskii	1 264	933	331	73,9	26,1
Totemskii	1 681	1 345	336	80,0	20,0
Nikolskii	844	683	161	80,9	19,1
Ustsisolskii	2 109	1 567	542	74,3	25,7
Yarenskii	58	58	-	100	-
The total number in the Bolo-	19 236	15 040	4 196	78,2	21,8
godskii region

Compiled by: Current school statistics of the Vologda Province Zemstvo. No. A. Vologda, 1904. P. 24.

The number of girls, who studies in primary zemskii schools is about 20% of the students, although significant variations are not noticeable: Nikolskii region, the lowest percentage - 14.3%, the highest in the Gryazovetskii - 29.8%5. The reasons for such fluctuations were, firstly, the remoteness of schools, and secondly, the presence of boys, "flophouses" in schools, while for girls the figure was very small. As the distance increases, the relationship to school more and more varied. Thus, the location of the school at a distance of two or three miles away attended 15.7% of boys and 13.5% of the girls, then four miles of attending decreased to 10% of boys and 4% of girls. Effect of lack of "doss" space also affects school attendance: the percentage of boys , who is sleeeping in the schools.in at least 13 girls 6.6%, almost twice lower. In those counties where the remoteness of schools was far from places of residence, a high percentage of sleeping in schools or living in rented premises, with the majority of boys (48.4%), with no possibility of a daily walk home from school, spend the night at the school, and most girls (36.4%) live in apartments.,

Of course, we can not ignore the circumstance characteristic of this period, that not all of the peasant population of Vologda Province clearly understood the importance of literacy for women. The farmer, teaching children to read, mostly because of it had utilitarian value. The boys, according to farmers, Merit was necessary because in the latter he had to serve his military service, to carry out public office, to work on migratory fisheries and the like, the girl will be the same to farm in his village, where it can do without ratification. So, not being able to educate all their children, preference was given to boys6.

To improve the efficiency of the zemskii schools conducted the following activities 7: translation schools by location of the selected villages unsuccessful in other, more central position, improvement of training, the device simple shelters and doss with the issue of food, rarely arranged appeal to the population to send their children to study or to the threat to close the school.

As of the beginning of the XX century, students of the zemskii schools on the basis of the caste were very monotonous. Thus, 97.3 % of students – are peasant children, 1.2 % - the children of the clergy, the share of other classes are not dropped more than 1.5 %.

By the age students, both boys and girls were distributed no less than 11 and even 12 teams - from 6 to 16-17 years, but the percentage of 6-year-olds and 16-17-year-olds was very low (first - 0.2 %, the second - 0.3%).

Table 4

The distribution of the number of pupils in the district of Vologodskii region according the age in 1904

Pupils	Age	7 years and less	8 years	9 years	10 years	11 years	12 years	13 years	14 years	15 years and more
boys		1,4	12,3	20,7	25,1	21,6	12,7	4,2	1,4	0,6
Girls		2,5	16,3	23	26,5	18,2	9,2	3	1,1	0,2

Compiled by: Current school statistics of the Vologda Province Zemstvo. Edit 1. Vologda, 1904. P. 28-29.

As it is evident from the age characteristics of students, predominantly for children of both sexes was between the ages of 8 to 12 years, the so-called "school age", students at a younger and older age were no more than 7-10 %8. Within these five age groups, among both boys and girls, the highest percentage was 10-year-olds. It should also be noted that in the age of 10 boys were enrolled 59.3%, girls - 68.3%, therefore, the age of boys was slightly higher than girls. All this was due to the fact that there was no set specific age limit for admission to school. In addition, many temporarily interrupted his studies, and some stayed for a second year of study, accounting for 13-14% of students9.

Significant deficiencies in literacy among the peasants of the Vologodskii province were forced to children missing training sessions, as well as first-time of their withdrawal from school. For example, in 1911 about the missed school days per student were based on the county from 2 to 14% of all school days, but dropped out before completing the course in the zemstvo schools for more than 20% [6, p. 74].

The reasons for omission of training sessions for inspectors' reviews of the public schools and teachers were as follows [6, p. 73-74, 12, p. 74]: the use of children as labor force is already at school age, "third party" wages, lack of parental awareness of the benefits of a complete education, lack of or defective condition of clothing and footwear, the remoteness of villages from the school, spring and autumn slush, frost, blizzards, disease , mental fatigue and mental defects in children, affecting learning. Some of the inspectors of public schools pointed to another reason - a lack of training for teachers, mismanagement and "dry" instruction [6, p. 74]. The leading cause of leaving school was the need for child labor in domestic work. In this regard, by province in 1905 dropped out of primary school zemstvo 42.8% of boys and 55% of girls.

Depending on what caused missing school days, school non-attendance zemstvo taken appropriate measures: the organization of inspection and preventive medical student vaccinations (eg against scarlet fever), the fight against harmful practices divert children at village weddings and other celebrations by the students and their beliefs parents, welfare societies, the device supplies the poorest students and students with warm clothing and footwear; device doss facilities at schools, education for girls needlework and the boys carpentry, a device popular readings, children's parties.

It is interesting to note that only some of the measures put into the life, school attendance increased. For example, in the county Kadnikovskoe at 37 elementary schools were built lodging facilities and the level of attendance this county at the beginning of the XX century is the first in the province (three missed days per year per student, that is, 1.9% [6, p. 75th -76].

But the main measure to attract children to school zemstvo activists rightly considered a correct statement of the educational process. They noted that where a teacher is formally regarded for his work, was indifferent and cold to the children and gave lessons in this "dry" to keep children in school was impossible. Conversely, if the teacher is fond of children, with interest led classes, the students willing to attend school, and parents of students referred to such teacher with respect and trust.

Consider the attitude of the peasants to primary education in the Vologda Province. Only estimating the ratio of farmers to schools, it is possible to evaluate the development and growth of the school network or a drop in the number of students in her children. Such an attitude is dependent on the following factors: the teacher's personality, from the formulation and conduct of educational affairs, and from internal and external school improvement10.

The position with regard to rural schools at different times was different. Thus, in 60-70s of the XIX century it was "cautious", "untrusted", but the 90-s of the XIX century attitude toward school becomes softer, "compassionate." For example, a priest Shaitanov in a report on the activities of a parochial school in 1870 reported: "The school is located in the most pitiable state, set in a peasant children to these schools is considered, along with recruiting, teachers have very little concept of literacy, at the same school for hire a conditional fee poor boy is trained for a boy of sufficient families, chosen to learn to read and write, with no books at a parochial school is not 11 .

The school in the 70s of XIX century in the villages of Vologda was in dire straits, it did not help farmers in learning to read and write, which means that farmers did not thought it is important to visit it her visit. Moreover, children in school were considered a waste of time. Belsky and Ustsysolskaya council in 1871 stated that the children studying in these schools, 2-3 years, go with the most meager knowledge. "Nobody was able to read, write and count. Less than half of the wrong sign your name "12. Consequently, after graduating from high school it was difficult to name the peasant literate, educated and even more so. So fair was indifferent, and sometimes even hostility of the peasants to the school.

From the 70s of the XIX century, the case of public education in the Vologda province takes over the district council, which set targets for the approximation of the school to the people and ensuring school students 13. Vologda district authorizes the county council to request the conciliator to assist in persuading peasant societies to accept the material involved in the original device, and schools continue to attract peasant children in school14.

By the mid-80s of the XIX century, according to sources, the change is planned for the peasants to the school. Observers of schools in their reports more often reported that the local population begins to relate to school "radetelnee" and "credulous" than in previous years15. Thus, in Solvychegodsk County in one of the rural schools, "the peasants in the room and the servants are paid 25 rubles a year ... the peasants' attitude to school has become credulous, they gladly lead the children to school, and spend out of their funds for schools"16.

The journals of meetings branch school's board for 90 years of XIX century can already are found discussing the lack of complaints of the peasants of schools 17. It should be noted that the peasants are favorably disposed to the schools where the case study was delivered correctly. The report of the parochial school in 1890 can be found the following statement: "When you open a new school to meet farmers in disbelief, but then treat him sympathetically"18.

Thus, during the second half of XIX - early XX century the peasants of the school changed. This process includes the following steps. In the first stage (up to 70 years of the XIX century), the ratio of farmers to the formal school was negative, because the schools had a weak financial base, they taught illiterate teachers, so students come out of this school almost illiterate. Consequently, the peasants did not think such a school visit to the rational.

In the 70-80s of the XIX century, an active increase in the number of educational institutions. A special role in this process was played by the district council, which managed to interest farmers in learning at school. Therefore, from the 1890s can select the second stage - turning against the peasants to the school. They became clear the role of the institution that nurtured not only students, but also influence their parents. It is from the 1890s can be found in the sources of evidence of participation of peasants in the construction of schools, the transfer of land and the donation of money for schools, as well as complaints about the lack of them. Therefore, since the early 90s of the XIX century begins growth in the number of pupils and schools, and the number of zemskii schools grew faster than the parish.

Thus, the beginning of XX century Zemstvo managed to cover the initial training of a considerable proportion of school-age children. Mostly these were boys who, according to the peasants, education was more necessary than girls. Of course, not all received by the school finished it, but the district council gradually develops a system of measures to attract children to the school and its effective operation.