The unique population of dolgani

Dolgans–are the indigenous people of the north of the Krasnoyarsk

Territory. For themselves - Dolgan (dulgan) tya-Keehi, Saha. "Tya" or "tya-Keehi" in their language - the "forest people" or "nomadic people"1. Dolgan language –is the Dolgan, belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family and is close to the language of the Sakha (Yakut) [4, 2007]. The main resettlement area - Hantangsky and Dudinskiy areas of the Taimyr Autonomous District Ana-barsky Yakutia. A small number of resettled Dolgan also on the Yenisei River in Dudinki. Also, the geographical area of the Dolgan and covers the lower reaches of the Yenisei river system Pyasina, Hatanga, Popigay, Heth2. According to the results of the 2002 census, the total population was 7,261 Dolgan people: Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) Autonomous District - 5517, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - 1272 [2, 2008]. According to results of the 2010 Census, the number increased to Dol-gan is 7,885 people3.

The uniqueness of the Dolgan ethnicity manifested itself in the fact that in the process of ethnogenesis it is based were four tribal groups: Tunguses - 50-52%, Yakuts - 30-33%, Russian -about 15%, and Samoyeds - 3-4%. 4Representatives of the various ethnic groups that have settled in the Taimyr-The_Sleeper along the northern border of woody vegetation from the lake Pyasina in the west to the east of the lower reaches of Anabara, were involved in an intensive process of rapprochement between themselves and the result is merged into one nation. These tribal groups have come to the area from Central and Eastern Siberia. And they came here in different historical periods of time, and the process of settlement and development of the region was not simultane- ous phenomenon, but is extended for quite a long time [8, 2008]. Giving December 10, 1930 Dol-ganov national-territorial status, when it was formed Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) National District, completed the design of the north of the Krasnoyarsk region of the new nation - Dolgan [8, 2008].

Despite the fact that since the nineteenth century. Dolgan officially considered orthodox in their environment continued to dominate animism (from Lat. anima, animus - soul, spirit) - the belief in the existence of the soul and spirit, faith in the whole animate nature. Deities were divided into three categories:

• 1)    ichchi - invisible creatures, gives any object;

• 2)    aiyy - spirits, friendly to the people;

• 3)    abaasy - spirits are not friendly to the people that live in the underworld. "These spirits have brought people to various diseases and misfortunes, they stole the soul of man and carried her to the underworld⁵.

In the traditional beliefs Dolgan presented cult animal. Animals had been considered close to the person who understood his language and differs from it only by its appearance. Dolgan believed that some animals are sympathetic to the people. Thus, the person closest friends were considered home deer and a dog. Domesticated reindeer are believed to have warned the owners Waiting their troubles, such as an epidemic, with horkanem running entire herds. When the deer home "speaks", that is, when he makes his nose special sounds, it thus predicts an unsuccessful hunt wolves attack a herd, the risk of getting lost, etc. "Four-" dog, that is a dog with white spots above the eyes, was considered to drive away evil spirits, and when she barked in his sleep, she warned the owners of the impending attack by wolves deer. Some animals, such as wolves and bears, considered the transformation of human beings. According to the stories Dolgan, in the old days there was a case where one of the wolf shaman turned back into a human. The wolf had left only the tail [5, 1958].

In the religion, there has been a Dolgan family worship different objects (stones of unusual shape or ugly wild deer antlers), if they instilled good spirit shaman. These items were considered as protectors of the family and hunters. Them in every way gratified: guarded, fed, transported along with migrations [4, 2007].

According to the beliefs of Dolgan, the world consisted of the lower, middle and upper worlds, in which during the ritual and traveled shaman. Rite (special shaman rituals, during which he communicates with the spirits) would help create from the existing Chaos Space6. Shamans were the defenders of the people from the evil spirits and the intermediaries between humans and spirits. Shamans have Dolgan could differentiate into: ylgyn - "small and weak" ortho - "medium", atyyr - the "great" chosen spirits7. The Dolgan shamans existed the same attributes as that of the other Siberian shamans nations shamanic costume, tambourine and clapper

Since the end of the XVIII century. Dolgan is beginning to spread among the Orthodox. Unlike other peoples of the North, the Christianization of the Dolgan had other consequences for their stories. All of them were baptized, but at the end of XIX - early XX centuries. defined as "troevertsy" (pronounced cult of nature, shamanism, Christianity). Nevertheless, it is a common belief, in this case we are talking about Christianity acted as a factor in the consolidation of the Dolgan single ethnic community. Like other peoples of Siberia, they are more learned outside of Christianity, that is, its rites. In this they are perhaps surpassed other Siberian peoples, because in the beginning of their ancestors were baptized Russian [8, 2008]. Dolgan churched people was interrupted by the arrival of the Soviet regime, this period Dolgan experienced with all Russian Orthodox people persecution and restrictions on the practice of the faith. If Dolgan visit graveyards in the villages, we can definitely say that Dolgan preserved the customs of their ancestors baptized Orthodox, whom they respect and honor the sacred is that they have had time to learn8. However, despite the fact that officially Dolgan identify themselves as Orthodox, and still today in their daily lives there are elements of paganism and shamanism9. First of all, this is reflected in the rituals and festivities. Festive and ceremonial culture of Dolgan distinctive. Ritual can be divided into genres. The former include circular song-dance, the second - the shaman rituals with chanting, onomatopoeia, recitative, shouting, playing the tambourine sounds pendants rattles10.

Bear Festival –is a set of the rituals associated with the cult of the bear. The cult of the bear is common to all the people of the North, bear festival combines the elements of worship totems and fishing. It also reflected the myth of the dying and rising beast. We Dolgan bear festival dedicated to the bear-hunting thing which - meal. Bear meat is eaten at night for the entire holiday (up to three days), and in-between meals and entertainment arrange ritual dances, games, sing [3, 2001].

Dolgan traditional clothing also has a number of features. Garments sewn from purchased fabric. Men wore shirts and pants, women - dresses, worn over which closed aprons and belts, beaded (glass or fine porcelain colored beads), the underwear was not. Men and women in the summer and in the winter wore woolen coats (sontap) in the winter - polar fox and rabbit fur. Reindeer double (with a cut front) parks like the Even though they converge floors. Parks wore a bib, similar to the Evenki. A characteristic feature of the men's and women's clothing - a few elongated back hem. Caps (bergese) Kapor had a form with the top of the canvas or the fox leg skins (skins with legs), embroidered with beads and colored strips of cloth. Winter shoes knee-length and above were made from deer leg skins, embroidered with beads sewn rovduga year. The festive clothes and shoes richly decorated with beads, appliques of colored strips of fabric, embroidered reindeer neck hair on rovduga, painted in red alder bark decoction or ocher and black - gra-phite11. Currently, the national dress is common in the township residents, especially women, is used primarily as a festive clothing.

Pic. 1. Dolgans art products made from fur and cloth.

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We Dolgan developed crafts: jewelry making beads, Orna-mentation of clothing and footwear deer fur and beads. Distributed by the carving a reindeer and mammoth bone (decoration plate reindeer rides, handles of knives, etc.). At the present time working on the Taimyr Peninsula traveling exhibition "Contemporary Art Dolgan," "Articles of ivory and furs" in Khatanga and Dudinka areas. It was published in sobie for traditional souvenirs Dolgan "Arda". At different pos i-tions of the ex-works by masters of arts and crafts MG Betta12.

Dolgans, until recently, were non-literate people. Only in 1973 were the fundamentals of the Dolgan writing, and in 1984 published the first "Primer." With this in fact negative circumstance Dolgan folklore preserved their identity. The first researcher, who discovered the world Dol-gan folk poetry, was a prominent Soviet ethnographer Alexander Popov [7, 2000]. There are the following genres of folklore: riddles, songs, fairy tales, legends, stories-be. Tales of animals, magic and domestic - is the most common in the genre these days. The fairy tales are usually the bear, wolf, fox, hare, snowy owl, and different fish. They are endowed with the qualities inherent in the people, character, and speech. Legends and stories have been reflected ancient clan, tribal and family relations. Short lyrical love songs and improvise long "song people." Riddles are widely portrayed in children and adults. Proverbs and sayings mostly borrowed from the Yakuts13.

Enjoy an excellent reputation in the Taimyr Dolgan various folk groups: choral ensemble "Peoples", vocal and dance ensemble "Chokurkaan." In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is popular national ensemble "Hare". The main event for the conservation and promotion of folklore has become a folk festival "folk classics Taimyr", designed to show the uniqueness and continuity of traditions, the wealth of the national culture of the indigenous ethnic groups of Taimyr14. In order to revive the national culture of the traditional festivals celebrated "Bayanay" (Hunt festival, celebrated in November), "Day of the nomads Anabar tundra" [6, 2003]. Also today, in Dolgan towns celebrate national holidays such as Hare (festival of the sun), which has recently been renamed the Day of reindeer. Since then, his mark as a professional holiday nomadic herders 15. Also, they celebrate the Day of the fisherman.

Traditional occupations of Dolgan –are nomadic reindeer herding, hunting wild reindeer, trapping and fishing. Dolgan spend the summer with their herds of deers in the tundra, winter - in the forest-tundra zone. In the modern conditions Dolgan reindeer industry is developing as a collective production, as well as tribal and family farms [6, 2003]. After the mass transition to a settled way of life in the second half of the XX century. Dolgan families began to live in villages, typical houses built (two and chetyrehkvartirnye). The peculiarity of the northern settlements is the lack of yards, fences, gardens16.

Currently Dolgan – is one of the most urbanized nations Taimyr [1, 2000]. Prior to 2007, they had their national-territorial formation - Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) Autonomous District (now -Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Municipal District of Krasnoyarsk Territory). Yakutia is a national Anabarsky national Dolgan-Evenk Ulus. The functions of the government are now among the Dolgan perform Regional Association of Indigenous People of the North [6, 2003].