Theoretical foundations of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1979-2006)

The Iranian revolution of 1978-1979 led to a fundamental change in the basic principles and forms of the activity of the economic, political, cultural, spiritual, and ideological spheres in society. The state sector was declared the dominant sector of the economy, the political system was improved with a number of specific institutions, along with generally accepted structures. The legal system was subordinated to Islamic norms, and all spheres of public life were placed under the control of certain ideological views. The political power of a certain social, or rather, corporate body and the function of social, political, economic, and spiritual control were legally ensured. These fundamental intra-system changes led to a certain replacement of the country's place in the system of international relations and, accordingly, to significant changes in its foreign policy.

The Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) has begun to pursue a foreign policy based on the generally accepted principles and norms of the international relations system and determined to cooperate with all the countries of the world that stand on these foundations and are in line with the interests of the Islamic state. In line with this policy, the EuroThe country's attempts to get closer to the global market and its desire to gain new positions in the Caucasus and Central Asia regions are clearly evident. At the same time, it is characterized by the steps it has taken to actively cooperate with the UN, the OIC, the OIC and other international organizations.yesIt is falling.

The topic under study requires an approach from the general to the specific, and we will try to interpret the issue based on this principle.

The 1978-1979 revolution in Iran created the political conditions for fundamental changes in all areas of social life. The revolutionary eraAlthough each of the political forces participating in the revolution had its own program, only the clergy class was able to participate in the revolution thanks to the influence of Ayatollah RM Khomeini, who was accepted by all opposition forces as the sole, charismatic leader.became the leader and guiding force of the [18, p. 72]. This is self-evident in the collectiveThis was clearly evident in the changes implemented in the country and which established their authority in organizational and legal terms. These changes were based on the theoretical and ideological concept developed by the leader Ayatollah Khomeini long before the revolution.eitheror, that is, a form corresponding to the idea of "Islamic state and wilayah-faqih"[14, p. 25]. In that matter, the Provisional Revolutionary Government, representing the liberal forces, acted as the executor of R. Khomeini's idea.di. In fact, liberals, including many members of the Provisional Government and primarily its head M. Bazargan, preferred to support the ideas of the leader, since they had defended the idea of Islamic rule or the control of the Islamic religion over the life of society even before the revolution [9, p. 24]. Under the leadership of a leader who supported the control of the Islamic religion over politics,Some of the liberals who held executive power also believed that the clergy had their own rights.to build their ownThey were trying to resist their activities in the past. Such aOn the one hand, the legal, political and socialThe legislative foundations and corresponding power structures are being formed, on the other hand, political powerthousandThe struggle for survival continued.

Started with the revolution, organized and purposeful after the victory of the revolutionFundamental social, political, etc. changes, which were of a directional nature and were carried out on the basis of religious and ideological principles, were accompanied by the restructuring of foreign political relations and relations.

In February 1979, Iran announced its withdrawal from the CENTO bloc. In April, it annulled the friendship and economic and military cooperation agreements signed with the United States in 1955 and 1959. It expelled all of that country's specialists, advisors, and instructors in Iran and closed the US consulates in Tabriz, Isfahan, and Shiraz. The new regime annulled the agreements the Shah's government had concluded with Western European countries on the involvement of specialists and advisors, as well as the agreement concluded with the International Consortium in 1973, and severed all ties with Israel and the Republic of South Africa. At the end of 1979, Iran opposed Egypt's peace treaty with Israel (Camp David), and severed diplomatic relations with that country because it had accepted the Pahlavi Shah family and had become the center of anti-Khomeini propaganda.

The new regime took the path of limiting all relations with the USSR by annulling the Soviet-Iranian treaty signed with Soviet Russia in 1921, as it restricted Iran's freedom and independence.

The new Iranian regime, while limiting relations with the West and the East, began to establish relations with peoples and countries that were distinguished by their anti-Western orientation, national liberation, and anti-imperialist struggle. Thus, the Iranian government officially recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization and opened its representative office in Tehran.allowed the establishment of diplomatic relations with Syria and Libya. An official delegation from the Cuban government, which had no diplomatic relations with Iran before the revolution, paid an official visit to Tehran. Iran declared solidarity with Zimbabwe, officially recognized the Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua and the People's Republic of Angola. The new Iranian regime applied for membership in the "Non-Aligned Movement" (Third World).

The Islamic Revolution in Iran and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran took place at a time when the world was bipolar. From the very beginning, the newly established regime declared that it would not be with “neither the West nor the East”, that is, neither the United States and Western European countries, nor the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, nor would it follow or follow these countries, and that it wanted to pursue an independent policy. Iran already took the position in its foreign policy that the country had a special geopolitical position and importance in the Near and Middle East. A large part of the world's hydrocarbon reserves are located and extracted in this region, and from there they are transported to various countries by sea and land [4, p. 58].

The change in foreign policy was partly in line with the ideals of freedom and independence of the clergy and partly of the liberals. Political freedom and independence were understood as the ability to freely determine foreign policy priorities, to eliminate and limit the influence of countries in the world that could have a greater impact on Iran's domestic and foreign policy. The new regime demonstrated to the whole world that it had freedom of will and action. On the one hand, these steps were in line with the leader's slogan "neither the West nor the East - Islam" that he had voiced immediately after the victory of the revolution, and on the other hand, they also responded to the political views of the liberals, who believed that greater freedom of action had been achieved in the conditions of weakening external pressure [20, pp. 3335]. Onused that situation to strengthen their political positionsThey were trying to restore and expand their relations with the West. This not only showed that their views on foreign policy no longer coincided, but also that the struggle for power within the country was intensifying.

In early November 1979, members of the Provisional Government met in Algiers with the US President's National Security Assistant.The uprising marked the end of the "peaceful coexistence" between the clergy and the rallies. A broad propaganda campaign was launched accusing the provisional government of Westernization. On November 4, 1979, revolutionary students attacked the U.S. ambassadorliBy seizing power, they increased pressure on the Provisional Government and forced it to resign (6 XI). In such a situation, the norms, values, and principles of the Islamic religion, and the political and ideological power of the clergy were legally challenged. The new constitution, which established the... was adopted by referendum (2-3 December 1979).

As is known, the foreign policy concept is a system of views on the content and directions of the state's foreign political activity. The foreign policy concept reflects the state's views on the system of international relations, the main political problems of the world and the region, the main directions of political changes and development of the world and the region, and finally, the main tasks and goals facing foreign policy.

The preamble to the Basic Law states that the victory of the revolution in Iran was "the destruction of all imperialist bases, relations, and calculations."... became the beginning of a new chapter, a new era in the broad revolutionary movements of the peoples of the world” [2, p. 10]. It is added that the revolution “defeated internal tyranny and the foreign domination that relied on it” [2, p. 10]. The preamble further calls the Iranian revolution as a whole “a movement for the victory of the weak over the arrogant and powerful” and declares that “The Basic Law… prepares the ground for ensuring the continuation of this revolution at home and abroad. In particular, Iran seeks to create opportunities for the organization of a single ummah in the world by expanding its relations with other Islamic and popular movements at the international level, and intends to continue the struggle for the salvation of the deprived and oppressed peoples all over the world” [2, p. 11-12].

The ideologists of the new regime believed that the establishment of an Islamic state in Iran would be “the realization of the government of the oppressed” [2, p. 13]. They considered it necessary to restructure the system of international relations.The preamble states that the Iranian army and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps are tasked with "only protecting the borders."not only its protection and protection, but also jihad in the way of God,ri"to fight for the expansion of the rule of God's law in the world [2, p. 15]". Finally, the preamble states: "We hope that the establishment of an exemplary Islamic society that can serve as a criterion and witness for all the peoples of the world will be successful" [2, p. 17]. The Basic Law of Iran reflects a global view of the world and a global mission incumbent on the country. It is no coincidence that the constitutionhairyes"Amendments, changes and additions to the Basic Law adopted in 1368 (1989-ST)"In the section "Remarks and Additions", Imam Khomeini is called "the great leader of the world Islamic revolution" [2, p. 19].

The text of the Basic Law directly states the main interest of the foreign policy course.textThe contents and contents of the third article are reflected in paragraph 16: "Theregulation of the country's foreign policy based on Islamic criteria, all Islamicof the obligation of brotherhood towards men and the worldzif"to provide protection to the people without sparing anything" [2, p. 24] is mentioned as a strategic task.Therefore, foreign policy also aims to "reduce exploitation in the country as a whole"disappear in the future"prevention of foreign influence and the influence of foreigners in the scientific field, industry,and agricultural self-sufficiency” [2, p. 23]. The main principles and directions of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran are defined in more detail in Article 11. It is emphasized here that, in accordance with the provisions of the Holy Quran,"This is it."All Muslims are one nation and the Islamic Republic of Iran bases its general policy on the Islamic nation.theto build a political, intellectual and economic order in the Islamic world based on the unity, unity and solidarity of thepine treeThe duty to make consistent efforts for the realization of religious and cultural unitylustop" [2, p. 27].

The main principle of the new regime's foreign policy is to proceed from the solidarity of Islamic peoples and their common interests, and its main task is to protect the interests of Muslims andThe unity of the people in the state (political unity). Therefore, the socio-political structure of humanity consists of three main components (the oppressed, the oppressed, and the oppressed).composed of a fourth component (independent Muslims), not of the peoplesIn fact, the new regime's socio-political solidarity here is both socio-religious andHowever, how can the goal of creating unity among Muslims be reconciled with the intention of forming a single world ummah?dry-It is not clear what the purpose of the first goal will be, although the first goal may be global, strategic, and the second goal may be regional, tactical. The ideologists of the new regime are skepticalhitAccording to them, the oppressed, the oppressed peoples and the Muslims are on the same pole and need the protection of the IRI. In this regard, the IRI was demonstrating its claim to act as the main rival of the USSR.

The new regime is independent in all areas of Iran's international relations.lipays special attention to ensuring the security of the country and the role of foreign policy in this matterThe Basic Law defines the fundamental rights of the people. Article 43, paragraph 8, of the Basic Law states that "thePrevention of foreign economic domination in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, paragraph 9in religion, "to provide for the country at its own expense and save it from dependence"make" [2,p. 39] is particularly emphasized. Article 81 states that this duty isyou are welcomeThe method of its creation is partially mentioned. It says: "Kharithtrade in goodscompanies and enterprises in the fields of industry, agriculture, culture and servicesthe whistles or-rat"Giving privileges to the public is strictly prohibited" [2, p. 52]. Article 82According to the law, foreign powers may be called upon only in cases of necessity and with the approval of parliament.stingy[2, p. 52]. Article 145 states: "The army and the country-"No foreign citizen may be admitted to the armed forces," Article 146 of thewhoalso prohibits the establishment of a foreign military base under any name [2, p. 78].

Taking into account the experience of the distant and recent past, the new regime understood the concept of independence in an absolute sense, as minimizing relations at all levels, especially preventing any kind of activity of foreigners in Iran. However, independence does not consist in preventing the activity of others in the country, but in further expanding relations, provided that they are freely established and controlled.

Although many articles of the Basic Law reflect the main principles, directions, and methods of achieving goals of foreign policy to one degree or another, Chapter XIII, which covers Articles 152-155, is called "foreign policy". That is, the goals, tasks, and methods of foreign policy are explained in a concise and comprehensive manner. In that chapter, the generally accepted principles of foreign policy, including the protection of the country's independence and territorial integrity (M.152) [2, p. 80], along with the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations (M. 154 [2, p. 80]) are mentioned. In addition to these, the chapter also mentions the necessity of not accepting the hegemony of others, not seeking hegemony itself, not joining blocs and establishing mutually peaceful relations with non-militarist states (M.  152), the prohibition of concluding agreements that ensure the domination of foreigners in all areas of Iranian public life (M. 153) [2, p. 80], the fact that human happiness is the highest goal, the right to freedom and just government are the rights of all peoples (M. 154), and once again the protection of the rights of Muslims is emphasized.The necessity of supporting the just struggle of the oppressed against the arrogant (M.153) and the just struggle of the oppressed against the arrogant everywhere in the world (M.154) is emphasized [2, p. 78].

Foreign policy issues based on the review of the Basic Law of the Republic of IranThe following can be grouped as follows:

• I.    Principles of the system of international relations;

• 1)    Protection of independence, national security and territorial integrity;

• 2)    Non-interference in the internal affairs of other states;

• II.    Iran's priorities in the system of international relations;

• 1)    Not joining blocks;

• 2)    Establish mutually peaceful relations with non-militaristic states;

• 3)    Not tending towards hegemony;

• 4)    Not accepting the hegemony of others;

• 5)    The right of man to be happy;

• 6)    The right of all peoples to establish free and just government;

• III.    Protection of national sovereignty;

• 1)    Foreigners should not operate in Iran in economic, cultural, etc. fields;

• 2)    Foreigners should not serve in the army and internal troops;

• 3)    No establishment of foreign military bases;

• IV.    Religious and socio-political solidarity;

• 1)    Defending the struggle of the Mustazifis;

• 2)    Protecting the rights of Muslims;

• V.    Global and regional mission;

• 1)    The organization of a unified world community;

• 2)    The organization of a unified Islamic community;

• 3)    Achieving economic, cultural and political unity of Islamic peoples;

As can be seen, the foreign policy principles enshrined in Iran's Basic Law differ fundamentally from the foreign policy principles of modern, democratic countries, with the exception of a few provisions.

The basic principles governing the system of international relations; territorial integrity; non-interference in internal affairs; non-use of force; non-threat of use of force; non-contradiction of the interests and concerns of states.food; acceptance of the supremacy of human rights; international threatyouliensuring universal access to health; efforts to address global problemsA simple comparison clearly shows that Iran's foreign policy isMany international principles are not reflected in the principles of the constitution. The differences noted, for example, in the foreign policy concept of the Russian FederationblackIt is also clear in comparison with the principles mentioned in [10, pp. 32-48].

The foreign policy principles enshrined in Iran's Basic Law are based on Islamic principles.It is also difficult to determine the connection between the two. Thus, in Muslim jurisprudence, states are divided into three parts: dar-ul-islam, dar-ul-ahd, and dar-ul-harb. In dar-ul-islam, “legality is carried out entirely on the basis of Sharia,” and countries acquired through peace and war constitute dar-ul-ahd. Dar-ul-harb is considered to be “such” countries that do not conclude agreements with dar-ul-islam to regulate the rights of Muslims in their territory. If these countries kept the territories where Islam was spread in danger, then there was a constant state of war with it [3, pp. 150-154].

Therefore, Islamic principles should form the basis of foreign policy aimed specifically at Islamic countries, not foreign policy in general. The Islamic stateone in relation to their own people and Muslims, and one in relation to other states and peoplesyesThe introduction of a foreign policy based on other principles shows that this policy is no longer based on unified principles, but is internally contradictory.

Since the IRI does not have sufficient foreign policy resources to ensure the main directions of its declared foreign policy course, it can be emphasized that this policy is primarily aimed at protecting the interests arising from the nature of the new regime.

The IRI has been asserting itself on a global level since the beginning of its existence.At the regional level, especially the Middle East region, it is necessary to protect the rights of Muslims and create their cultural, political, and economic unity.-mag, the policy of continuing the revolution at home and abroad isaAlthough it actively attempted to implement the policy of "exporting the Islamic revolution", it failed. In particular, although the war with Iraq created favorable conditions for implementing the policy of "exporting the Islamic revolution", it was not possible to create a second Islamic regime, and that policy wasThe growing and intensifying discontent at the global, regional, and even domestic levelsIt caused a lot of trouble.

Since the Shiite-Sunni conflict during the war years took on a more Iranian (Persian)-Arab character and was supported by extensive propaganda, the ideas and symbols of Persian nationalists began to be restored in cultural and ideological activities, [22, p. 273] the idea that the ruling regime was the representative of all Iranian Muslims began to be replaced by the idea that it was the representative of the Persian nation. This was clearly manifested in the attention paid by the Iranian regime to the promotion of the Persian language, culture, and literature in its foreign cultural activities, and in its policy towards Tajikistan. The new religious regime proceeded not from the principle of Islamic solidarity, but from the principle of ethno-cultural proximity in relation to Tajikistan, which had gained independence [22, p. 274]. In other words, a new element appeared in the concept of Iranian foreign policy - the element of Persian national interests.

The end of the war with Iraq, the social problems caused by the domestic policy introduced during the war, and the need to eliminate the devastation caused by the war required a change in domestic policy within the framework of the existing political system. This change led to a fundamental change in its foreign policy course. Thus, the first stage of Iran's foreign policy activity (1979-1989) ended. The positions of researchers on the characteristics of that stage are contradictory. Some of them divide the first stage into semi-stages, covering the years 1979-1981 and characterized by efforts to establish cordial relations with the West, including the United States, and others, covering the years 1981-1984, characterized by isolation, confrontation, and a return to pragmatism that began in 1984 [12, pp. 174-175].

In fact, the policy of isolating Iran began with the seizure of the US embassy, the announcement of an embargo against Iran by the US in early 1980, and the joining of the European Union countries, Japan, Australia, and Canada to that embargo (22.05.1980), and ended with the release of the hostages in early 1981.

In 1979-1981, the consolidation and stabilization of the new regime was completed, so it was possible to restore and expand relations with other countries, and there was no need for self-isolation. In August 1984, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, A. Velayati, noted that the policy of self-isolation “was implemented at the very beginning of the Revolution” [15, 1994, August 14]. Although Iran did not have direct political relations with the United States in 1981-84, it had extensive economic and trade relations with all developed countries, including the United States. Another author divides the first stage of Iran’s foreign policy activity into two and a half stages: The main feature of the first half stage (1979-1984) was its focus on the realization of Islamic ideals and values in accordance with Islamic norms and principles. The main feature of the second half stage (1984-88) was that, although attention was paid to the defense of Islamic ideals, priority was given to the protection of state interests [16, p. 104].

Former Soviet scholars generally assessed Iran's foreign policy in 1979-1988 as follows: "Iran's foreign policy was characterized by its obvious pragmatism, a deep gap between declared principles and their implementation, extreme inconsistency in establishing economic and political relations with various states, and the strengthening or weakening of anti-American and anti-Soviet statements domestically and in the international arena, depending on the political situation" [8, pp. 415-416].

Considering the above, it can be said that in 1979-89, Iran first pursued a policy of self-isolation to establish an Islamic state, then an offensive stance to prevent external influence and pressure, "exporting the Islamic revolution," and at the same time, proceeding from the requirements of the war situation, it pursued a policy of restoring and expanding political and, first of all, economic relations with all countries.

As noted, the inconclusive end of the war required a rethinking of domestic and foreign policy. This direction was taken by President Hashemi Rafsanjani.relations established with the former USSR republics during the period of independence (1989-1997)was reflected in their writings [21, pp. 1-4].

Since 1989, constructive and economic reforms have been implemented in Iran. This course also required a change in foreign policy. Since that period, national interests and pragmatism have come to the fore in Iran's foreign policy, and accordingly, the concept of foreign policy has also undergone a transformation.

The ruling elite of Iran, convinced that there was no real threat from abroad to the existence of the political system, the ruling ideology, and the supreme power of the clergy, decided to bring foreign policy into an internationally accepted form. Thus, Iran began to look at international processes not from the perspective of struggle, but from the perspective of cooperation. Although Iran in practice abandoned its previous political course, it did not officially declare this, since it continued its undesirable policy of confrontation with the United States and purposeful confrontation with Israel.

In general, the institutions and high-ranking officials who determined the course of Iran's foreign policy no longer spoke about the rights of Muslims and the struggle of the weak, but about the need for comprehensive cooperation between all states, including the region and Muslim states, the importance of compliance with international law, respect for human rights, disarmament, the fight against international terrorism, and the close connection between national security and regional and international security [24, pp. 612-631]. In collaboration with the magazine "Novoe Vremya"shi-When answering the question of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, H. RafsanjaniRegarding the country's foreign policy, the Iranian leader noted that Iran is trying to see its neighboring countries as friends and to establish healthy and friendly relations with other countries. He added that we cannot establish any relations with only a few countries (Israel and South Africa) because illegal regimes rule in those countries.yat[7, p. 8]. In other words, the changes occurring in the IRI international relations systemIn response to the situation, it has somewhat reconsidered its foreign policy, giving greater priority to its national interests and pragmatism [6, p. 45].

Iran's foreign policy concept is a generally accepted concept, categoryexpressed in the form of a system of principles and ideas, its true strategic goalIn other words, the Islamic Republic of Iran approached the problems existing in the system of international relations and its interests with internationally accepted criteria and spoke in a language that everyone understood. Iran's new foreign policy course itselfThis was most clearly demonstrated in relations with the newly independent states that emerged after the collapse of the USSR. The IRI, although later than some states, recognized the independence of those states and established extensive cooperation with them.mag, began to pursue a policy of supporting their sovereignty. However, the US pressure on

Iran and its isolation policy, the failure to resolve the existing problem in the Persian Gulf (the dispute with the UAE over three islands), and the anti-Israeli position prevented relations from returning to normal in all directions.What would happen? One of the main tasks of Iran's new foreign policy in the economic field is to create conditions for economic institutions and businessmen to operate abroad. This task was successfully carried out.

It was continued at a higher level with the coming to power of the so-called reformist forces starting from 1997. The reformists considered it necessary to proceed from the principle of the existence of pluralism in the political, cultural, etc. spheres in the world when establishing foreign relations and refused to create an enemy image and inflammatory slogans. The "reformist" President M. Khatami pursued a course of political and cultural reforms in the country, and in the field of foreign policy, he aimed at reducing tensions.He declared the establishment of a dialogue between cultures, the abandonment of the export of revolution, and closer relations with Muslim countries in the region as priority directions [13, pp. 31-32] and took important steps in that direction during his presidency (1997-2005). The new political course was based on the understanding accumulated from the past.mazheatto eliminate all kinds of international disputes and conflicts and to avoid their own dangersyouIt was necessary to reckon with international reality to ensure its stability.

When President M. Khatami said that tensions should be eased, Iran's threatensuring, strengthening, developing, confirming and promoting the integrity of national-He understood the problems. He believed that reducing tensions would save the country.Do not turn a blind eye to the dangers that threaten you, but rather define the boundaries of friendship and hostility.strengthen friendship, common ground, and vigilance in the face of dangerisThat policy is a step towards Iran and its true place in the world.my friendIn other words, any area and level of foreign policy should beyes-also snowshiin the sunThe main task of the state is to ensure national interests [11, pp. 52-57]. M. KhataIran's civil foreign policy has been strengthened by official visits to a number of regional and European countries.He made a serious effort to show that he was willing to impose sanctions and to change the international image of the IRI as a whole. The confrontation with the US has softened somewhat.languageit was, here it is-Certain initiatives were taken to normalize the conditions [5, pp. 32-34].

Since the beginning of the 21st century, conservatives have regained their power.-They began to implement a policy of strengthening their relations with the United States and Israel. This change in foreign policy was manifested in the form of an intensification of the confrontation with the United States and Israel. The change in the course of domestic policy in Iran, the strengthening of the positions of conservatives, and the increase in the tendency to conflict were due to the fact that after the events of September 11, 2001, the United States began to put more pressure on Iran by classifying Iran as a state sponsor of terrorism.The introduction of the t has also had a significant impact. This means that Iran's foreign policyThe law is not only dictated by state and national interests, but also by the clergy, the ruling regime,determined by the interests of the clergy. Foreign policy is dominated by the clergyIt also works towards preserving the sovereignty and the ruling regime.

The second stage of Iran's foreign policy covers the years 1989-2005. The main feature of the first half of the stage, covering the years 1989-1997, is considered to be economic orientation, and the main feature of the second half of the stage, covering the years 1997-2005, is considered to be political orientation [24, pp. 612-631]. That is, the first halfforeign policy in the first stage is focused on expanding economic cooperation, and in the second halfphase of expanding political cooperationresurrectAlthough Iran preferred to expand economic cooperation, all global and regionalregional issuetried to approach the issues in accordance with international principles. However, fundamental changes took place in the Iranian political system during this period.In both phases, foreign policy changed under the influence of political conflicts within the ruling groupings.qualityto, non-repeatedvolumeto instability, to instabilityThe US-led regime in Iranhis insistence on changing foreign policythe recent defensive stance of thea certain aggressiondemonstrated flexibility, some elements of its initial foreign concept were aimed at relations with countries not joining the blocswithexpansion of the extremist Islamist forcesupport from parentsleneven the idea of "exporting the Islamic revolution"activate your energyoutsiderilmasshas caused. Iran Islamic RepublicThe foreign policy course of the public is to ensure its security, and to continue its confrontation with the US at the global level.stopma, determined by regional competitionthat's itnur. The US's designation of Iran as a state sponsor of terrorism has led to a change in leadership in Iran.The military intervention in Iraq in 2003 showed the determination to survive.His trickery showed that the threat posed by this was very serious [17, p. 79].

During this period, Iran has been trying to strengthen its security more rapidly.yes-Iran is trying to realize its "improper"man dieIran considered its neighbors as rivals, and the United States and NATO countries as "fearful rivals." Iran considers the Turkish and Kurdish issues, the cooperation of the "Iranian Gulf Cooperation Organization" with the United States, England and France, to be a source of long-term threat to itself. It considers the arming of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and the United States' penetration of Central Asia as a threat. The United States' position in the South CaucasusThe strengthening of their relations and the expansion of cooperation with NATO are among the main factors that concern Iran [1, pp. 38-40].

Iran is trying to closely participate in Russia-India-Russia-China cooperation and create an Armenia-Greece bloc to insure itself against global and regional threats. Iran's foreign policy is influenced not only by potential and real external threats, but also by internal threats. Thus, the ruling Persian nationalist ideology, which was gradually restored and strengthened during the war with Iraq, the strengthening of national movements of national minorities towards the end of the 20th century, the tension of Muslim ethno-national relations within the framework of the theocratic regime, the need to resolve the national issue on the basis of democratic principles, including theThe emergence of the demand for a solution in the form of a democratic federal republic is a consequence of the existence of the current regime, the centralization of Iran as a state, or even a periodconsidered a threat to its existence as a nation. Foreign policy, foreign powerandIt also fulfills the task of preventing terrorists from using that factor, because now the external and internal threats complement each other.

Taking all this into account, the Iranian government has significantly strengthened its foreign policy activity and maintained friendly relations with all states, especially its neighbors.It is trying to get closer to Europe, "gain new positions" in the Caucasus and Central Asia, and participate in global and regional conflicts.

Since 2005, the idea that Iran is trying to produce nuclear weapons has gained strength in some international circles, leading to the world'scooling and straining of relations with neighboring countries, national threatyouThe fact that the situation has become an urgent problem poses a serious threat to the existence of the current regime.-runThe crisis has led to a re-shift in foreign policy priorities. IranThe fact that the country does not comply with the opinion of the international community is a cause for concern for its neighbors, especially the Kurds.Iran is seriously concerned about the countries of the region. Iran should maintain its regional relationsmaIt pays special attention to strengthening and strengthening the political cooperation with countries that do not join global blocs, especially those with an anti-US orientation. In this way, it takes advantage of the contradictions between the great powersIran's potential "allies" Russia, China, and the European Union are trying to compensate for its failure in the field of nuclear energy. On December 23, 2006, the UN Security Council imposed economic sanctions on Iran.yesvoted unanimously for their demands. Thus, Iran found itself facing almost all leading countries in pursuing its interests and was again economically, technologically and politically isolated.Iran fell into a state of war. Therefore, Iran's foreign policyyesyouThe main current task of the is to create conditions for eliminating the existing problem.consists of mag.

The changes in Iran's foreign policy do not mean a change of course, but rather its establishment, because Iran's main goal remains unchanged: toburden statehood and hegemony, to defend revolutionary movements in individual countries [12, p. 177], the concept of national interests generally refers to the protection of the independence, territorial integrity, and national security of each state. Iran's foreign policy serves the protection of national interests, taking into account its essence and character. At the same time, in the foreign policy of the IRI, national interestsThe concept of ragas is influenced by the ruling regime, the supreme authority of the clergy, and the Persian NationalThe protection of the dominant position of the state is also included. These tasks conflict with true national interests, because society is based on democracy, freedom,realism is hotcreates obstacles to its movement in the future. This contradiction causes the contradictory and changeable course of foreign policy [19, p. 307].

In Iran, theocratic and republican elements merged under the leadership of the former.The dual and contradictory nature of the regime that emerged from the conflict in all areas has been reflected in the concept and practice of foreign policy. Thus, the leader represents the ideological, religious, and social branch of foreign policy, and the executive branch increasingly represents the secular branch. However, the fact that the decisive word belongs to the leader prevents the consistent implementation of foreign policy on the basis of international principles and is accompanied by certain setbacks and deviations. The division of the ruling political elite into politically diverse groups (traditional, modern, right, left, etc.) has a significant impact on the course of Iran's foreign policy. The fact that representatives of these forces control the executive or legislative branches of power, or both, leads to certain, albeit not fundamental, changes in domestic and foreign policy priorities. As mentioned, all this leads to a contradictory nature of the course of foreign policy. However, the goals and directions of foreign policy: the protection of the unique regime, the provision of the Persian nation, and finally, national interests, remain unchanged for the time being.

The main feature of Iran's foreign policy is its independence, the essence of which is determined by the nature of the regime [23, p. 33]. A new system of relations in the regionThe Islamic Republic of Iran, which is trying to create a new world and achieve the status of a hegemonic state here, has been forced to pursue an independent foreign policy so far. Its policy of finding new allies is not yet an independent policy.moonIran, which has become an obstacle and claims to oppose the United States,moneymagHe is not influenced by any of the existing poles, but rather prefers to use traditional methods and their contradictions.

Thus, the foreign policy concept reflected in the Basic Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the nature and essence of the political system have changed. mfrom that conceptyesThe main directions and goals of the foreign policy based on thehas not been affected. The main pillar of Iran's foreign policyBe a part of all countriesAs always, national interests - national security, worldpeace and stability in the world and the region, and mutual cooperation with all countriesexcept for the fact thatThe nature and essence of the political system and regime, as well as the nature of national relations in the country, are specific to the foreign policy.yesphysical changes – protection of the political system and political regimeThe foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, like that of other countries, is also aimed at achieving the unannounced strategic goals of becoming the dominant power in the region and the Islamic world.These goals and objectives define the main directions of the Iranian foreign policy - cooperation with all countries, confrontation with the United States and Israel.close cooperation with the world, Islam, third world and regional countriesIt defines the close ties with Persianspeaking countries, etc.

In the context of the complex system of international relations and the contradictory processes taking place in the world, foreign policy activities have been conducted in various ways.gaIt is very difficult to reconcile the two. Therefore, internationalpeople's partyDepending on the situation and the internal political situation of Iran, that interesttextSometimes one or the other of these issues becomes more important and causes the foreign policy as a whole to become incoherent and internally contradictory.