Translation concepts in the context of modern linguistic research

At the moment, the process and mechanisms of translation are not fully investigated and disclosed. Language is a universal system of representation and storage of knowledge in written and oral forms. Language is a means of communication. Speech is the process of communication with the help of language. Thanks to speech communication, the ability to speech activity is formed. Speech activity is a set of psychophysiological human actions aimed at the perception and understanding of speech or its reproduction in written or oral form.

Scherba L.V. identified three aspects of language phenomena and their relationship: language, speech activity and speech. These three concepts are interrelated, and this indicates the unity of language and speech. In General, speech can be divided into oral and written. Oral speech arises spontaneously in the process of natural communication and is realized by means of sound means. Written speech is a fixation of oral speech and is expressed by a system of graphic symbols. Written speech is not acquired spontaneously, a person needs to be purposefully trained in this system.

According to Vygotsky L.S. written language is the language in representation. In order to master it, it is necessary to recognize the elements in a graphical form. Written speech is not a translation of oral speech into written signs, and oral speech is not an assimilation of the writing system. Writing requires abstraction for its development. Thus, oral and written speech can be represented as two levels within the linguistic and psychological structure of speech activity. The subject of speech activity is thought, and the means of its expression is the system of language with phonetic, lexical and grammatical means. To carry out speech activity, it is necessary to master separate speech actions. That is, actions are units of speech activity. Speech skills are formed in the process of performing speech actions, and speech skills in the process of performing a certain type of speech activity. Skills, abilities and knowledge are formed simultaneously when performing actions.

The ability of a person to practically use the language system (phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, reading and writing techniques) is called language competence, and the ability to expediently and appropriately use the language in certain situations-speech competence. Speech skills must be brought "to the optimum level of perfection. " In order to reach the level of skills, speech action must acquire such qualities as automaticity, stability, flexibility, lack of focus of consciousness on the form of performance, lack of tension and fatigue. That is, in the process of speech activity, such skills are formed: to speak, read, write, and the ability to perceive by ear. The ability to translate is a complex derivative of the above skills. Receptive skills - listening and reading - are based on receptive skills: grammar (ability to recognize grammatical and prediction of syntactic structures in oral or written speech), lexical, i.e. sound recognition skills, or graphic images of lexical units and their immediate comprehension), auditory (perception skills and recognition of sounds, sound combinations, intonation in speech), perceptual (ie, build comprehension skills and recognition of letters, letter combinations, punctuation marks in writing).

Methodologists and psychologists consider the problem of skills and their formation among the most important skills for the theory and practice of translation. The main role in mastering the language is played not by the knowledge of certain words and grammatical structures, but by the level of development of skills of oral and written speech. The formation of skills is the basis of the process of learning to translate. Translation is a complex multilateral and multidimensional type of human speech activity, which includes listening and speaking (interpretation), reading and writing (translation). So, it is natural that translation has become the object of study not one, but many Sciences. The study of translation is engaged in literary criticism, which investigates the translation of fiction.

The psychophysical aspect of translation, which occurs in the mind of the translator at the time of translation, is the subject of study in psycholinguistics. Attempts to automate translation fall within the competence of such Sciences as Cybernetics, information theory and applied mathematics. The methodology of teaching foreign languages considers the practical aspect of translation in order to teach foreign languages. Translation requires reading and writing skills. Among the speech reading skills can be distinguished the ability to separate the main information in the text, the ability to predict its content, the ability to understand important information based on the context, and the ability to pay attention only to the material essential for translation, or not to pay attention to unknown language material. It is believed that the formation of competence in reading depends on the formation of intellectual skills of the student, such as forecasting, analysis of reading, the combination of logical and semantic activities, classification and systematization of acquired information.

Educational and organizational skills play an important role. Compensatory reading skills also play a significant role, such as using language and contextual guesswork to understand what is read, ignoring unknown language material that is not important to understand. The level of formation of speech skills affects the development of reading skills. This includes the art of reading skills, vocabulary skills and grammatical skills. Foreign language speech competence in writing covers three main stages: perception, perception and reproduction, production. At the first stage of perception there is a reading of the original text and its analysis. In the second stage, students learn the individual actions necessary to create a new text. And at the third stage there is a production of own text. The text can be in oral, written or even thought form. The text is the purpose, object and result of translation. The text is a speech work, helps to carry out verbal communication. The text consists of statements that the speaker creates, selecting language units and combining them with the grammatical rules of the language in accordance with their communicative intentions. The construction and understanding of the statement is based on both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Of course, in translation there are two stages: the stage of understanding and the stage of translation, the reproduction of the text in another language. Some of the authors suggest highlighting the third stage of editing, the stage of final polishing of the translation. As a rule, the translator must understand the text with which he works more deeply than does "usually" the reader, for whom the original language is native. This additional "depth" of understanding arises from the need to make final conclusions about the content of the text, as well as to take into account the requirements of the language of translation. The translator is largely intuitive and often can not explain, and logically justify why he does so, and not otherwise.

As a rule, to study the translation process used theoretical models of translation and the different types of transformations, by which it is possible to move from excerpt of original text to text translation. The theory of translation pays special attention to the data of psycholinguistic studies, indicating that the internal program of speech formation does not function on the basis of natural language, but on the individual subject-figurative code of a person. The problem of the translation process itself is an interesting field for research, since it lies at the intersection of many Sciences, and its solution is a necessary component of modern research in the field of artificial intelligence and natural language processing.