Tree paradigms of studying the world (view of ecologists)

Back in 1948, W. Weaver drew attention to the problem of Complexity. Active study of this problem began at the end of the 20th century in the works of I. R. Prigogine and H. Haken. The article also gives the third interpretation of Complexity from the point of view of the statistical instability of any samples of biosystems (a significant contribution to the understanding and mathematization of this paradigm was made by V. M. Eskov and his followers). These are the so-called systems of the third type (there are no repetitions of the initial state, the current state vector and the final state; everything is unique). In this case, Complexity goes beyond determinism and stochastics. Some ecological examples are discussed.