Trial risks, scientific competition and politicization: the thorny way of live vaccine against poliomyelitis in the USSR in 1950-1960s

Trial risks, scientific competition and politicization: the thorny way of live vaccine against poliomyelitis in the USSR in 1950-1960s

Автор: Smirnova Vera A.

Журнал: Вестник ВолГУ. Серия: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения @hfrir-jvolsu

Рубрика: Из истории науки и образования

Статья в выпуске: 2 т.28, 2023 года.

Бесплатный доступ

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems of testing the live poliomyelitis vaccine that took place in the 1950s in the USSR. The problems of the trials have again become topical because of the pandemic of the novel coronavirus. Methods and materials. Using narrative and historical-comparative methods to analyze materials from the archives of the USSR Ministry of Health Care and the digitized archive of the American virologistSabin, the author of the article looked into some problems related to the trials of the live polio vaccine. Analysis . As a result of the analysis of historical sources, the following problems of trials were found out: high risks of mass use of the live vaccine; lack of agreement between scientists and medical officials on the possibility and necessity of testing; difficulties in relations between an organizer of the tests (M. Chumakov) and some officials from the Ministry of Health Care of the RSFSR; the problems in Soviet-American relations which affected the scientific cooperation; difficult relations between the Soviet organizers of the tests (M. Chumakov and A. Smorodintsev); troubles that arose in relations between A. Sabin and A. Smorodintsev in connection with the politicization of the vaccination issue; ethical challenges of human trials. Results . The USSR took huge risks during the mass trials of the live polio vaccine, which was Soviet science and population significant contribution to the world fight against poliomyelitis. Mass trials took place in the USSR during the Cold War, which, however, did not become an obstacle to scientific cooperation between the USSR and the USA in this sphere. The success of the polio vaccine trials was used by the Soviet state to increase its prestige. At some points, representatives of the Soviet state and media even “forgot” that the vaccine was developed in American virology laboratories, calling Soviet organizers of vaccine trials its developers. Ethical norms of experiments on humans in the 1950-1960s were just being formed, so some of them could be called violations by modern standards. However, the success of the tests closed the question of those violations.

Еще

Poliomyelitis, vaccine, smorodintsev, chumakov, sabin

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/149142907

IDR: 149142907   |   DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.2.16

Список литературы Trial risks, scientific competition and politicization: the thorny way of live vaccine against poliomyelitis in the USSR in 1950-1960s

  • Istoriya sozdaniya [Creation History]. Sayt NIIgrippa imeni A.A. Smorodintseva [Website of the Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza]. URL: https://www.influenza.spb.ru/institute/history/
  • Clements C.J., ed. Supplementary Information on Vaccine Safety. Part 2: Background Rates of Adverse Events Following Immunization. Geneva, WHO, 2000. 112 p. URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/handle/10665/66675/WHO_V-B_00.3 6_ eng.pdf? sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Boiko V.M. Epidemiologija i puti likvidacii poliomielita v Uzbekskoj SSR [Epidemiology and Paths to Eradication of Poliomyelitis in the Uzbek SSR]. Tashkent, Medicine Publ., 1965. 118 p.
  • Chumakov M.P., Prisman I.M., Zacepin T.S. Poliomijelit. Detskij spinno-mozgovoj paralich [Children's Spinal Paralysis]. Moscow, Medgiz Publ., 1953. 480 p.
  • Chumakov's Telegram to Sabin A. 1959.06.20. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: https:// drc.libraries.uc.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.UC/669967/ sovietunion_1959-68_021.pdf?sequence= 1
  • Drozdov S.G., Ivanova O.E. Poliomielit [Poliomyelitis]. Problemy Virusologii [Problems of Virology], 2012, no. 1, p. 82. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru /article/n/poliomielit
  • Drozdov S.G. Poliomielit i egoprofilaktika v razlichnyh stranah mira [Poliomyelitis and Its Prevention in Various Countries of the World]. Moscow, Medicine Publ., 1967. 87 p.
  • Evdoshenko V.G. Problema likvidacii zabolevaemosti poliomielitom v Kirgizskoj SSR: avtoref. dis. ... d-ra med. nauk [The Problem of Eradication of Poliomyelitis in Kyrgiz SSR. Dr. med. sci. abs. diss.]. Moscow, 1968. 39 p.
  • Horstmann D.M. The Sabin Live Poliovirus Vaccination Trials in the USSR, 1959. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 1991, Sept.-Oct., no. 64 (5), pp. 499-512. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2589490/?page= 1
  • Lashkevich V.A. Istorija sozdanija v 1959 g. zhivoj vakciny iz attenuirovannyh shtammov A. Seibina i ideja iskorenenija poliomielita [The History of the Creation in 1959 of a Live Vaccine from Attenuated Strains of A. Sabin and the Idea of Eradicating Poliomyelitis]. Voprosy virusologii [Problems of Virology], 2013, no. 1, vol. 58, p. 5. URL: https ://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/istoriya-sozdaniya-v-1959-g-zhivoy-vaktsiny-iz-attenuirovannyh-shtammov-a-sebina-i-ideya-iskoreneniya-poliomielita/ viewer
  • Letter from Babione R.W. to Sabin Albert B. 1956.06.07. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/689825
  • Letter from Bayne-Jones S. to Sabin Albert B. 1956.02.20. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/690912
  • Letter from Chumakov M. to Sabin A. 1957.11.27. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: https://drc.libraries.uc.edu/handle/2374.UC/679111
  • Letter from Chumakov M. to Sabin A. 1958.12.19. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/679118
  • Letter from Chumakov M. to Sabin A. 1958.12.26. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/679103
  • Letter from Dick G.W.A. to Sabin A.1958.07.24. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http:// hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/673520
  • Letter from H.Van Zile Hyde to Sabin A. 1956.01.09. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/690625
  • Letter from Rudolph Walter M. to Sabin A. 1956.06.04. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/689824
  • Letter from Sabin A. to Chumakov M.1957.03.15. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http:// hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/679115
  • Letter from Sabin A. to MacKay D.C. 1956.05.04. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/701501
  • Letter from Sabin A. to Ramos-Alvarez M. 1957.04.08. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/673666
  • Letter from Timakov V.D. to Sabin A. URL: https://drc.libraries.uc.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.UC/ 669997/sovietunion_1959-68_051.pdf?sequence=1
  • Live Polio Vaccine May Immunize 40 Years. Evening Star, 1955, May 4, p. A-15.
  • History. Institut poliomielita im. M.P. Chumakova RAN [M.P. Chumakov Polio Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. URL: http:// www.chumakovs.ru/history/#
  • Materialy po ispolzovaniju zhivoj vakciny protiv poliomielita [Materials on Using Live Polio Vaccine]. GARF, f. 9226, inv. 1, d. 1894. 262 l.
  • Materialy po razrabotke vakciny protiv poliomielita (stenogrammy, spravki, otchety, perepiska) [Materials on the Development of a Polio Vaccine (Records, Memos, Reports, Correspondence)]. GARF, f. 9226, inv. 1, d. 1632. 206 p.
  • Otkrytoe obrashhenie Associacii organizacij po klinicheskim issledovanijam po povodu «neoficialnyh ispytanij» vakciny protiv COVID-19 sotrudnikami NICJeM im. N.F. Gamalei Minzdrava Rossii [An Open Letter by Members of Association of Clinical Research Organizations Regarding the "Informal Trials" of the COVID-19 Vaccine by the Staff of N. Gamaleya Rereach Center of the Russian Ministry of Health]. URL: http://acto-russia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task= view&id=400
  • Petrovkij B.V. Public Health in the USSR. Moscow, Novosti Press Agency Publ. House, 1967. 76 p.
  • Sabin A.B. Oral Poliovirus Vaccine: History of Its Development and Use and Current Challenge to Eliminate Poliomyelitis from the World. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1985, March, vol. 151, no. 3, pp. 422-423.
  • Sabin's Cable to Chumakov. 1959.06.18. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy. URL: https://drc.libraries.uc.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.UC/669970/ sovietunion_1959-68_024.pdf?sequence=1
  • The Albert B. Sabin's Archives. URL: https://digital.libraries.uc.edu/collections/sabin/
  • Translated Postscripts to Chumakov's Letter. 1960.12.29. Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy, p. 8. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2374.UC/693561.
  • Vargha D. Vaccination and the Communist State: Polio in Eastern Europe. Holmberg Ch., Blume S., Greenough P., eds. The Politics of Vaccination. A Global History. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2017. 360 p.
  • Velikanov V.I. Sudby ljudskie: (Semejnaja hronika) [Fates of People: Family Chronicle]. Moscow, s.n., 1998. 398 p.
  • Drozdov S.G., ed. Vospominanija oMihaile Petroviche Chumakove [Memoirs About Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov]. Moscow, Institute of Poliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. 221 p.
  • Smorodintsev A.A., ed. Zhivaja vakcina protiv poliomielita [Live Vaccine Against Poliomyelitis]. Collection of Works of Department of Virology. Leningrad, s.n., 1960. 299 p.
Еще
Статья научная
SciUp 2024 © 2024 ©