The utopianism of western rationalism, positivism and utilitarianism in the mirror of an anthropological and historiosophic thought of F. M. Dostoevsky and V. F. Odoevsky

On the basis of the concept of “Christian realism” in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky and V. F. Odoevsky the article deals with the biologizing and sociologizing concepts of the human nature since the Enlightenment and their connection with the fragmentation of the completeness and integrity of this nature, its complexity and inconsistency, with the descensive processes in the spiritual and moral world of people and entropy trends in the course of history. It is shown how spiritual laws, that go beyond the field of view of the rationalistic and pragmatic consciousness, transform the social and progressive engineering and planning, bring nihilistic elements into them. It is emphasized that the methodology of Christian realism is universal, associates the “mystery of man” with the mystery of history and becomes one of the fundamental principles for assessing the hierarchy of values in various worldview, ideological and social systems for the disclosure ascending and descending processes in them, the analysis of the elements of utopianism and social Darwinism. Keywords: Christian realism, the mystery of man, anthropological rationalism, scienticism, historical utopianism, pragmatism, utilitarianism, the law of Self, the law of love, F. M. Dostoevsky, V. F. Odoevsky