Specific features of the lungs bronchial system in Peking duck and Italian goose

In each systematic group of studied bird species, we can observe both general morphological features characteristic of a particular order or family, as well as characteristic species differences inherent in each particular species. Therefore, the structural elements of the breathing apparatus for each particular species of birds, although they undergo significant changes in the course of evolution, retain their biological community. Birds are distinguished by a high level of life processes, which are reflected in the form of a chain of successive changes in their interaction with the habitat in the form of adaptive changes, fixed by natural selection in a succession of generations. As a result of our studies, we found that the lungs of the birds studied have a branched bronchial system, in which primary bronchi are noted, consisting of two parts: cartilaginous extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary. Extrapulmonary cartilage is represented by incomplete cartilaginous rings, connected by a connective tissue. Intra-pulmonary part is divided into intrapulmonary cartilaginous, consisting of incomplete cartilaginous rings and plates, and intrapulmonary connective tissue. And also the mesobronch, from which the secondary bronchi depart in the dorsolateral, dorsoventral, ventrolateral and ventromedial directions: in the form of ectobromhins and endobronchs. They, in turn, are divided into dorsrobes and ventrobrobes, Dorsos and ventrobromes of ecto- and endobronchs from the lateral surface are interconnected by a multitude of transverse bronchi, and from the medial surface they are connected by means of parabronchomes, which densely fill the entire surface of the lung. Dorso- and ventrobrobes give fan-like tertiary bronchi. From the tertiary bronchi branch the finest tubes - bronchioles, which end with air-bearing funnels and together with the parabronchomes form the functional system of light birds