Вопросы тактики интенсивной терапии и трансплантации печени при фульминантной печёночной недостаточности

Автор: Агумава Л. У., Гуляев В. А., Луцык К. Н., Олисов О. Д., Ахметшин Р. Б., Магомедов К. М., Казымов Б. И., Ахмедов А. Р., Алекберов К. Ф., Яремин Б. И., Новрузбеков М. С.

Журнал: Вестник медицинского института "РЕАВИЗ": реабилитация, врач и здоровье @vestnik-reaviz

Рубрика: Донорство и трансплантация органов и тканей

Статья в выпуске: 1 т.13, 2023 года.

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Фульминантную печёночную недостаточность обычно характеризуют как тяжёлое острое повреждение печени с энцефалопатией и нарушением синтетической функции (международное нормализованное отношение [МНО] ≥1,5) у пациента без цирроза или предшествующего заболевания печени. Ведение пациентов с острой печёночной недостаточностью включает обеспечение ухода за пациентом в надлежащих условиях, наблюдение за ухудшением состояния печёночной недостаточности, лечение осложнений и обеспечение нутритивной поддержки. Пациентов с острой печёночной недостаточностью следует по возможности лечить в центре трансплантации печени. Серийные лабораторные тесты используются для наблюдения за течением печёночной недостаточности у пациента и для наблюдения за осложнениями. Необходимо ежедневно контролировать уровень аминотрансфераз и билирубина в сыворотке. Проводить более частый мониторинг (3-4 раза в день) параметров свертывания крови, общего анализа крови, метаболических панелей и газов артериальной крови. При некоторых причинах острой печёночной недостаточности, таких как интоксикация ацетаминофеном, лечение, направленное на основную причину, может предотвратить необходимость трансплантации печени и снизить смертность. Не было показано, что лактулоза улучшает общие результаты, и она вызывает вздутие кишечника, что может привести к техническим трудностям во время трансплантации печени. В начале течения острой печёночной недостаточности признаки и симптомы отёка головного мозга могут отсутствовать или их трудно обнаружить. Осложнения отёка головного мозга включают повышение внутричерепного давления и грыжу ствола мозга. Общие меры по предотвращению повышения внутричерепного давления включают минимизацию стимуляции, поддержание соответствующего баланса жидкости и приподнятие изголовья кровати пациента. Для пациентов с высоким риском развития отёка мозга мы также предлагаем профилактическое лечение гипертоническим раствором (3 %) с целевым уровнем натрия в сыворотке от 145 до 155 мЭкв/л (уровень 2C). В группу высокого риска входят пациенты с энцефалопатией IV степени, высоким уровнем аммиака (>150 мкмоль/л) или острой почечной недостаточностью, а также пациенты, которым требуется вазопрессорная поддержка. Приблизительно 40 % пациентов с острой печёночной недостаточностью выздоравливают спонтанно при поддерживающей терапии. Были разработаны прогностические модели, помогающие выявить пациентов, у которых маловероятно спонтанное выздоровление, поскольку решение о возможности проведения трансплантации печени частично зависит от вероятности спонтанного восстановления печени. Тем не менее, среди тех, кто получает трансплантацию, однолетняя выживаемость превышает 80 %, что делает данный способ лечения способом выбора у этой сложной категории пациентов.

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Фульминантная печёночная недостаточность, трансплантация печени, печёночная энцефалопатия, интенсивная терапия

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/143179923

IDR: 143179923   |   DOI: 10.20340/vmi-rvz.2023.1.TX.2

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