VR IGLOOTM: A VR-Based Teaching-Learning Model for Distance Education

Traditional distance learning has been widely adopted for its capacity to provide educational access to a broad and diverse audience, overcoming spatial and temporal limitations. However, it needs to deliver the same immersion and learning effectiveness as face-to-face instruction, particularly in courses requiring hands-on practice, where these limitations become more pronounced. To address this, virtual reality (VR)-based distance learning has gained attention as a potential solution. Previous studies have confirmed that VR-enhanced distance learning can improve educational outcomes; however, a standardized teaching-learning model designed explicitly for VR-based distance learning has yet to be established. Consequently, instructors have often relied on conventional models, leading to variability in instructional quality. This paper proposes the VR IGLOO model, a structured VR-based teaching-learning framework tailored for distance education. For this purpose, analysis of the conventional studies and focus group interview (FGI) of the expert group were conducted. And the validity of the proposed model was verified through Delphi validation.