Interrelation of nervous, immune, endocrine systems and nutritional factors in the regulation of animal resistance and productivity

Commercial livestock husbandry causes severe stress among animals resulting in up to 80 % emergence of secondary immunodeficiency. This review is an attempt to comprehensively analyze multiple interconnections between immune, neuroendocrine systems, together with nutrition, as essential factors for animal metabolism regulation, wellness, health, performance and productivity. Secretion of stress hormones and the degree of inhibition of the immune response depend on the type of animal’s nervous system. Poor nutrition has a negative effect on the expression of immune response including humoral and cellular immunity synthesis of cytokine and plasma immunoreceptors (V.I. Fisinin et al., 2013; V.A. Galochkin et al., 2013; Y. Zhang et al., 2014; J.D. Ashwell et al., 2000; S. Cunningham-Rundles et al., 2005; V. Abhyankar et al., 2018; A. Haghikia et al., 2015; R.H. Oakley et al., 2013). Due to this relationship, immune, nervous and endocrine systems form virtual functionally integrated single super-system of immunobiological surveillance...