Women's personalities in the pages of textbooks the history of Russia

"Gender stereotypes individual - an attempt, teachers - are formed from early childhood, as the socialization of the child in a specific cultural environment influenced by many different factors, ethnicity, marital, domestic, economic, socio-environmental, educational, financial and other measures" [19, 33]. Therefore, the gender characteristics of the school aids researchers treated repeatedly [18, 20, 23], figuring out the mechanism of gender stereotypes 1 in the process of learning in the educational institutions, the impact of their learning on the formation of the personal attitudes of young people, socializing and subsequent selection of a life strategy of boys and girls.

The focus of the research was textbooks for primary and secondary school - mathematics, Russian Language and Literature, Books. Subjected to analysis of the text exercises, stories, illustrations and drawings used: the amount of stories and illustrations, which involve girls and women, in terms of content analysis examined the roles they are assigned; fixed characteristics that they are endowed. Also drew attention to the selection and maintenance of text exrcises.

The researchers are unanimous in the opinion that school textbooks are one of the broadcast channels and the formation of the social and cultural stereotypes: "... textbooks and study guides are full of the manifestations of sexism ... they also dominate as the main actors of the boys and men ... in the illustrations show only 66.0% boys and men, while only girls and women are present on 13.6% of pictures ... "[20, p. 19], "gender stereotypes that are in Russian textbooks of mathematics and Russian language, different sexism against women. They broadcast the patriarchal notions of gender roles in society that perpetuate the men public sphere (work, politics, business, etc.), and for women - private (home, family, children) ... gender stereotypes permeated literature and textbooks 7-9 classes do not contain any mention of women writer and poet "[18, p. 245].

Gender expertise of the textbooks for secondary schools (grades 1-11) Smirnova was conducted to identify the "hidden dangers" personality development of boys and girls, the definition of "degree of gender stereotyping of educational material on the different stages of education" [23]. Identified the frequency of the reference to gender stereotypes, depending on the class and the educational field, the social roles of men and women in textbooks, symbols of male and female occupations, fixing feminine and masculine qualities, etc.

By frequency of use and the degree of gender stereotyping characteristics of the transmitted information offered by four groups of textbooks. The first group included "Geometry", "Draw", as well as natural-science subjects: "Chemistry", "Physics and Astronomy", "Biology". It is almost completely absent gender characteristics, however, the few images that are still present, translate traditional stereotypes. The second group of books ("Literature", "History", "Social Science" and "Geography") is characterized by a high level of gender stereotypes. Tutorials this group reproduces traditional gender stereotypes and roles on the situation of women and men in society, from the perspective of structural functionalism are an explanation of the current gender structure of society. A distinctive feature of the third group (the "Russian language" and "Mathematics") has become widespread use in these images of men and women in relation to the profession and leisure sector. Like the previous ones, they broadcast the traditional gender stereotypes, but do it in a more holistic, in different areas of life, not only at work but also at your leisure. The last, fourth group ("Technology") translates the existing gender stereotypes most harshly. The division into groups on the subject (the lessons of labor) is on the basis of biological sex. Here gender stereotypes act as an imperative [23, p. 21-34].

Feature of the textbooks 'History'2,

According to A. Smirnova, "is the reconstruction of these concepts in a patriarchal society. A few images of women employed in the textbooks emphasize that they belong to the private sphere ... In general, the model reproduced in textbooks behavior housewife taking care of the children engaged in sewing, though, if necessary, "leaving a job." History textbooks are offered professional images teachers, typists, and secretaries. Private sector is not represented in textbooks on the subject, so women are virtually invisible, and the scope of their activities - not significant in the history books ... the emphasis is on consideration of the public sphere. The analysis of these sources can identify the professional sphere as stereotypically masculine (note that the historical perspective representation of the women in the public sphere was objectively more) ... "[23, p. 24].

Thus, in the prior art analysis of textbooks, including history, was conducted from the point of view of identifying gender roles, social models of male and female behavior represented in its pages, the degree of stereotyping material, we are interested in the fullness reflect the historical reality. Women's studies have accumulated a vast concrete historical material, which allows you to represent women's social experience in its historical development.

When you access to the texts of books on World stories we have identified some issues that could (and should) find their place in the presentation of the course of Russian history. This is a "women's work", "women's studies", "women's education", "the status of women in the family", "characteristics of the social status of women of different social classes", "female ruler", "Orthodox saints", "Russian empress", "evolution cultural forms and everyday life "," change of mentality and spiritual life "," first author "," dekabristki "," philanthropist "," women's social organization of the first half of the XIX century. "," women's issue as a change in traditional gender roles' "Women in the public mind and the social movements of the XIX century.", "revolutionary", "women in culture and science", "women's movement of the second half of XIX - early XX century. (Liberalki, suffragettes, Marxist feminism) "," women in the political life of the early XX century. "" Policy of the Soviet state against Women and the Family, "" women's departments 1920s and 1930s. "," Women in World War II and post-war reconstruction of the national economy "," "Women in Culture and Science XX - beginning of XXI century.", "women ministers, politicians, business woman."

Taking into account the selected topic, we viewed 14 books on the history of Russia from the 7th to 11th grade, published in 2010-2011. List of textbooks is a random sample.

The form of the Secondary school

The studied chronological period of the History of Russia

Level

Number

11 Form	XX – beggining XXI	Profile level	1
10 Form	end XVII – XIX	Profile level	1
10 Form	XVIII–XIX	Based level	1
10 Form	From the ancient times up to the end XIX	Based level	2
9 Form	XX – beggining XXI.		3
8 Form	XIX		3
8 Form	XIX – beggining XX		1
7 Form	XVI–XVIII.		2

Totally: 14

From the ancient times up to the end of the XV centuries

Traditionally, the oldest period of the Worlds History is not rich in women's names: the Eastern Slavic goddess Mokosh [1, p. 27, 28, 13, p. 9], one of the first rulers of Kiev - Princess Olga, the wife of Prince Igor of Kiev, Svyatoslav's mother, who arranges the Old Russian state and the first Christian. In the textbook N.I. Pavlenko, Olga presented in the form of a strong-willed and prudent sovereign, not alien cruelty and perfidy, as in the case of revenge for the death of her husband. Olga's baptism is emphasized, the historian calls her Christian name - Elena brings us as- sess ancient chronicler - "wiser than all the people," was "as if the dawn before sunrise" [13, p. 11]. The tutorial I. Andreeva of the outstanding personality of Princess Olga said in passing: "The Baptism of Princess Olga, traditionally (albeit very tentatively) dating from 955, is the first step to becoming the east wing of Christianity the state religion of Ancient Rus' [1,. 22p].

The sources of the Ancient Russia captured are not many female names, mostly princely wives, mothers and sisters. Modern historians do not always find it necessary to acquaint schoolchildren with Old women. Their names are mentioned in the stories of dynastic marriages of the ruling class, with the foreign or domestic political significance, given in textbooks as evidence of the international prestige of the great princes of Kiev. It is the granddaughter of Vladimir Monomakh Dobronega Mstislavna, wife of Vladimir Svyatoslav-cha, the sister of the Byzantine emperors, Anna, daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Elizabeth (wife of the King of Norway), Anastasia (wife of the King of Hungary), Anna (wife of the King of France), daughter of Yaroslav: wife Izjaslava - Polish queen Gertrude, the wife of Svyatoslav - German princess Oda Trier, the wife of Vsevolod - a Byzantine princess Zoe (Anastasia) kind of Monomakh, Vladimir Monomakh's wife - the daughter of King Harold II Guide. In the same aspect - the strengthening of alliance - said about the Russian princes marriages with the daughters of the Polovtsian khans. In the context of the Moscow-Tver relationship describes the first marriage with the daughter of Ivan III of Tver Prince Boris Alexandrovich (in the latter cases, the names of the women are not called) [13, p. 29-30, 65]. Membership of the second wife of Ivan III to Sophia Paleologos of the Byzantine imperial family and the importance of marriage to strengthen the power of the Moscow State secured its prominence in Russian history. There is hardly a textbook, papered her name.

It is not always marriage Russian rulers seem so pragmatic. Theses are the turns of the privacy life of Vasily III in the textbook for seventh graders, "Vasily Ivanovich III reigned from 1505 to 1533. In 1505, he decided to get married. Brought to Moscow 500 brides and bride were arranged. The young emperor chose a wife of a kind beauty Solomonia Saburovs. They lived together for twenty years, but they had no children. Vasily weighed no heir. In the end Solomonia became a nun and was exiled in Suzdal female Pokrovsky monastery. The second time Vasily III married Elena Glinsky by his wife "lepota sake of her face." She was the mother of the future king of Ivan the Terrible "[2, p. 6].

The emergence of the women's names in the pages of textbooks and subjective biases due to the authors. For example, I. Andreev, I. Danilevsky, Vladimir Kirillov included in the study text interesting insertion - "touches to the portrait of time," including those reflecting gender issues. By the period of feudal fragmentation is a story about life's hardships that befell women of noble birth. The authors recount at length about the Galician Princess Olga - the wife of a powerful Osmomis-la forced to flee from her husband and son Vladimir and nobles in Poland, as the prince favored illegitimate son Oleg. Return the same princess in Galich was made possible after the arrest Os-momysl and burned at the stake his mistress Nastasia [1, p. 38].

XVI-XVII centuries

Positive textbook authors evaluated brief regency Elena Glinsky. Its beginnings (the currency reform, the reform of weights and measures, limiting the arbitrary governors) are described as "centralization efforts designed to strengthen the unity of the economic and financial spheres" [1, p. 83, 13, p. 89, 2, p. 6]. XVI century is represented by the names of queens. These are some of the wives of Ivan the Terrible - Anastasia Romanov, the mother of Prince Fedor [1, p. 102, 7, p. 70], Maria Nagaya, the mother of his son, Dmitri [13, p. 89], Caucasian beauty Maria Cherkasy [7, p. 70]. To a greater extent appeals to historians the first wife of Ivan IV Anastasia Romanov: "She was famous for kindness ... instructed John to all sorts of virtues that humble temper tantrums "[2, p. 48].

From the women of the new dynasty Godunov is often called the name Irina Godunov - wife of Fyodor Ivanovich, sister of Boris Godunov, rarely remember Boris daughter Xenia, sent to the monastery after his father's death [7, p. 85, 2, p. 53]. Time of Troubles opens in XVII century. In the story of the Troubles always present the name of the "noble Polish woman", "very ambitious girl" by Marina Mnishek - the bride, then the wife of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II [1, p. 118, 2, p. 54-57, 7, p. 94, 13, p. 118].

The following female persons – are the representatives of the Romanov dynasty. The extent of their influence, involvement in the management of the historians are not reported. So, talking about the impact of the mother of Mikhail Romanov, the young king, the authors did not see fit to even call her name, to clarify its role in public affairs. The emphasis is on the lack of independence of the king in the first time, "he was not stupid by nature, but too young to manage a large and complex country. Michael throughout resigned to his mother and do nothing without her consent "[2, p. 71]. Wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, the well-born noblewoman Maria Miloslavskaya noblewoman and a commoner Natalia Naryshkin, mostly known for their children - heir to the throne and the ensuing fight between them for power [2, p. 121, 7, p. 94].

Boyar Morozova and her sister Princess Urusova are present in the story of the split area, their persistence in the pursuit of the old faith and adherence to his convictions until death [2, p. 102].

The conquering of Sophia Alekseevny ends XVII century, the period of the medieval history. It is described as an outstanding personality, "... was intelligent, well-educated, had a resolute-tive, bold and imperious character ..." [2, p. 120]. "By its nature, it had nothing to do with the hermit's towers. It was a clever woman, energetic, ambitious, managed to overcome staromoskovskie customs and actively fighting for power using in this fight including unscrupulous agents ... "[13, p. 150]. The active foreign policy of Sophia is presented as a way to strengthen their position and remain in power. In Sofia sees successor reforms Alexis, is credited with the discovery of the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy, increasing the number of regiments of the new system, the organization of Crimean campaigns [7, p. 169]. But also noted the influence of favorites - Prince VV Golitsyn and F. Shalkovity - in the years of her reign [11, p. 9, 10, 7, p. 169]. Gender aspects of women stay on the throne affected AA Lewandowski: "The unusual for Russian women rule caused a suspicious, skeptical attitude in many different circles. Having managed to seize power, ruler barely held her in his hands "[11, p. 9]. Not all the historians rush to report on time for the regency of Sophia young Ivan and Peter. For example, in the textbook IA Andreeva, I. Danilevsky and VV Kirillov it is mentioned only in two sentences in the context of the story of Peter: "During the regency's half-sister, Princess Sophia (1682-1689), he was seriously had to fear for their future and even for life. Peter hated all the things that he was associated with the past - the musketeers, Princess Sophia and her followers "[1, p. 160].

Rarely authors in the school textbooks refer to the characterization of the status of women in the family or the peculiarities of the social status of women of different classes. The exception is the textbook NI Pavlenko, singled out "Life" in a separate section. It's about the inferiority of women in a peasant family, strict regulation of women knights of noble birth, their complete isolation from the outside world. Provides information on the legal inequality of the sexes, the impossibility of divorce, different penalties for the same crime (murder of the spouse), perfect husband or wife, "husband killers waited burying their necks in the ground and agonizing death from thirst and hunger. Reprisals against her husband The Code did not provide for the punishment of men confined to repentance "[13, p. 147]. It is not often remembered and "Domostroj", reflecting the dominant role of men in the family, to impose a patriarchal division of household duties, patriarchal patterns of behavior in the family and society [2, p. 28]. The authors of school textbooks usually do not use the concepts of "patriarchal society", "patriarchy". In some cases, the characteristics of family relationships apply the concept of "patriarchal relations", in others there is the subordination of their "ancestral customs and laws of the community" [7, p. 25, 13, p. 287].

XVIII century

Russian Foreign researchers noticed the stories of the XVIII century as a special "key period of change in the status of women, both in the society and in the family, and the most important role was played by the reforms of Peter I, which are considered a turning point, a watershed in the history of gender Russia ..." [15, s. 471]. Agree with this assessment and our genderisty: "The European Enlightenment completed the formation of a special, no matter what any similar type of woman. Not only the mother and mistress, not only lovely lady - the subject of worship and conquest, not just a model for the painters and sculptors, and a female politician, writer and philosopher, a student of renowned professors, soderzhatelnitsa fashion shops, a gathering of poets and writers. Mistress of doom spiritually related to the development of the culture and largely determines the process. It was during the Age of Enlightenment in educated families there own women's libraries, began to publish the first women's magazines, representatives of the upper classes of the European society began to write diaries and memoirs, indicating their awareness of the value of their feelings and thoughts "[17, p. 223].

High-school history in the passing reports on the cultural changes of the XVIII century. Peter of innovations relating to women, noted the introduction of the Assembly which were allowed to attend the ladies [3, p. 119, 13, p. 171], of Catherine's era - the beginning of the development of women's education (noblewomen and meschanok), put the opening of the Smolny Institute [1, p.

220]. Rather narrow circle of female persons. Women from the time of Peter are mentioned in several books of his mother N.K. Naryshkin, mostly in a negative context. About her as a young educator Peter said: "The mother took good care of primary education only son [2, p. 121]. On the first years of the reign of Peter: "The power was in 1689 at the hands of Queen Natalia, Peter's mother, her relatives Naryshkin and their advisers. The whole company, which includes and Lopukhins - relatives of Peter's new wife, started up with extraordinary energy and rob the treasury of the people "[3, p. 5].

Rarely mentioned his first wife of Peter, mother of Prince Alexei Evdokia Lopuchin, which "according to his contemporaries was beautiful, smart and brought up in strict morals" Domostroi "[7, p. 170]. Relate differently to Martha Skavronskaya, became the second wife of a great ruler and Russian Empress Catherine I. Textbooks for 7th graders put a brief biography of Catherine I [2, c.182; 7, c.208], high school textbooks sometimes ignore even her rule [1, c.178, 179]. Personal positive qualities of the second wife of the Emperor marked the textbook of V.I Buganova: "wife - a close and loved one assistant, who accompanied him everywhere" [3, p.39]. However, historians are unanimous in the assessment of its inability to run the state, "... ability to manage her affairs, and had lived with Peter for two decades, found no", "state the mind is not so hot" [3, p. 39, 46, 47], "Catherine I had no experience or desire to engage in public issues" [2, p.182], "Catherine has managed to earn the love of the king, but even taking place on the throne next to Peter I, it remained ignorant person, completely unable to engage in the public affairs "[11, p.45, 46].

Catherine I, followed by the rulers of the "era of palace coups" attribute in common: "... in their policy, they do not care about the development and continuation of the reforms of his great predecessor, and to strengthen its position on the throne ... not being able to rule the state, the Empress herself surrounded ... minions, help them in the difficult task of the government and do not forget about their own enrichment ... "[13, p. 174].

"Illustrious barren flowers" – are a characterization given by I. Andreev, I. Danilevsky, Vladimir Kirillov, rulers, and the rulers of the "era of palace revolutions": "occupies the throne of Russian rulers were mostly frivolous people, government affairs were to they undue burden, they could not, and did not want to deal with them. The scope of their interests - hunting, entertainment, sometimes - the old way - with jesters and fools, and sometimes - on the new - with balls, masquerades cards. However, Elizabeth has successfully connected the both. Neglect of their duties rulers sadly affected the flow of cases, the outcome of which is largely dependent on the mood of the sovereign and the aspirations of the favorites "[1, p.182].

Extremely negative historical reputation has earned Anna of his inability and unwillingness to rule the vast power, German dominance at court, embezzlement, bribery, and a host of other evils "[13, p.174-175, 3, pp.49, 11, pp.48-50 ]. She is more neutral and a decade of her reign are presented in the textbook PA Baranov. In addition to biographical information not available in other books, it was a place for the positive aspects of her reign: "When Anna Ivanovna Russia has strengthened the status of a great power. As a result, Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739 was returned Azov, annexed part of the right-bank Ukraine and Kazakh lands "[2, p. 187]. Here strokes sketched a portrait of Anne and Leopoldovna, forgotten by other authors: "... simple-minded, not power-hungry, not artful, sometimes even careless. In public affairs poorly versed "[2, p.189].

The reign of Elizabeth Historians refer to the same "era of palace revolutions" with any of these negative traits. Her ability to employment of public affairs is in question: "inherited to some extent energy and temperament of his father, Elizabeth had neither aptitude nor taste for the serious affairs of state" [11, p. 51], "Elizabeth, cheerful woman, very prone to the festivities, and other pleasures, the government entrusted the case to his ministers, especially favorites ..." [3, p. 50]. However, it also says that Elizabeth's favorite "markedly different from its predecessors ... or tried not to interfere in the affairs of state, or have had on them, usually a beneficial effect," "As for themselves statesmen, here in Elizabeth on first roles were extraordinary people ... "[11, p.51]. The identity of Elizabeth - the daughter of Peter the Great - sympathetically described by historians: "thirty-haired beauty" [7, p. 227], "cheerful, cheerful and witty" [2, p. 190], "a cheerful and kindly" [11, p.51]. In addition to Elizabeth's passion for entertainment and dresses celebrate her religiosity and piety, education [2, p.191].

The activities and personality of Catherine II is ranked high in the modern textbooks. It is policy of "enlightened absolutism," attributed to "a new impetus to the modernization," is credited ability to "make significant changes in the state without a catastrophic upheaval and burdensome changes in lifestyle" [1, p.181, 190]. The Empress, according to historians, had all the qualities necessary for management skills, "she was patient, flexible, critical and at the same time, persistent, determined and consistent performance ... it is incredible ..." The distinctive features of her personality - "... the hardness of attitudes and commitment to the implementation of its decisions, combined with the tremendous hard work ... "[1, p.191].

The image of Catherine II – IS almost perfect example of the ruler, "an ambitious and far-sighted, energetic and well-educated" [3, p.57], "very smart and observant" [3, p. 64] "The activities and extraordinary ruler" [3, p.59]. Unlike the previous "era of palace revolutions" - the reign of favorites or influence, the era of Catherine the Great evaluated differently. "Achievements and winning the time of her reign are largely imprint of her personal involvement, directing attention, nature talented, educated, literary prodigy, she knew how much - and to control a vast empire, which longed for since arriving in Russia, and to get along with people and that is very important, approach to his people who are talented, gifted, entrusting them with important matters in accordance with their abilities "[3, p. 59]. In the end, Catherine II appears as "one of the most successful reformers", in whose reign the Russian Empire has achieved significant success in the international arena [1, p.181], which manages "... Russia has reached a new level of development, becoming a much more rich and strong state than before, taking its rightful place among the great European powers "[11, p. 57].

As you can see, women XVIII century - is the reigning persons. In addition to them in textbooks present the head of the Russian Academy and the head of six-volume edition of a glossary of Russian Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova [2, p. 269, 7, p. 241], the first professional theater actress T.M. Troepolskaya [3, p. 118], as well as the notorious landlady Daria Saltykov, martyred 169

serfs [7, p. 241]. Expand the range of a few female characters book illustrations - portraits, sculptures depicting the ladies.

XIX century

Innovations in the lifestyles and occupations of the women in the XIX weakly reflected in the literature of the school, while the gender-specific experts believe the era of the Great Reforms of another milestone in women's history [15, s.471]. This is the time of occurrence of the movement for women's rights, serious changes in the position of the women in the family and society. Of the various social innovations only the development of the women's education included in the school courses, distribution of the female education institute in the first half of the XIX century., Teaching peasant girls in the parish schools [1, s.288, 3, p.202], the opening of the girls' schools and Higher Courses for Women (IVH) in the second half of the century [3, p.307, 9, p.217, 219, 12, p.98, 8, p.189, 5, p.23]. Some authors include a gender perspective in the characterization of literacy and education of the population of the XIX century.: The presence of gender asymmetry in male and female literacy of the XIX century. ("The middle of the XIX century. Know how to read and write 39% of men older than 9 years old and 17% of women") [10, p.67, 229]; segregation of males and females, in contrast to men's and women's institute of education ( education of "good wives") [9, p. 115], the unavailability of university education for women [1, s.288, 3, p.307]. In this case, it becomes clear the importance of the phenomenon of IVH, emphasized by some authors [11, p.245]

The gender aspects of the social class structure, information about the development of the marriage and family relationships can be caught only sporadically from the school course. About the age of marriage for different-with the word, commitment to marriage, women's employment, patriarchal relations within the family said in a textbook AF Kisileva [8, p.155], about a family of subordination coupe-operation mentions LM Ljashenko [12, p.151]. Rarity marriages even at the end of the XIX century marked N.N. Lazukovoy and O. Zhuravlevoi [9, p.102].

Women's participation in the wars of the XIX century represented by two names. Traditionally among the leaders of guerrilla war of 1812 is mentioned Vasilisa Kozhina [8, p.38, 10, p.56, 9, p.32, 1, p.242, 3, p.152], among the participants of the Crimean War (1853-1856) - the first Russian nurse Daria Sevastopol [10, p.78, 9, p. 83].

The change in the orientation of the new textbooks, a departure from the clichés of the Soviet historiography has not only advantages. Forgotten in the textbooks XXI century was eleven feat wives of the Decembrists voluntarily followed their husbands to Siberia. Only one textbook named the princesses E.I. Troubetzkoy and M. Volkonskaya Countess E.P. Naryshkina, A.G. Muravevoj Baroness A. Rosen, the general's wife N.D. Fonvizina and M.K. Yushnevsky who dared to challenge not only public opinion, but also the official authorities who refused to divorce with "state criminals" and predpochevshih to share the plight of spouses [9, p. 50].

Only textbook A. Lewandowski noted a peculiar involvement of women in the development of the social thought in 1830-1840's. Salons Countess Evdokia Rostopchina, Avdotia Elagina, poet Ka- rolina Pavlova "is increasingly losing its aristocratic character, becoming an extremely important phenomenon of the social life" [10, p. 46].

Not popular with the authors of the modern textbooks are often left in oblivion wives Russian emperors of the XIX century. None of their names in the books of L.M. Lyashenko, A. Lewandowski (8th and 10th grades), I. Andreeva. Of the five empresses XIX - early XX century in the textbook AF Kisileva and VP Popov called the name of the wife of Alexander III the Danish Princess Dagmar (christened Maria Feodorovna) [8, p. 155], the textbook NN Lazukovoy - German Princess Alice (christened Alexandra), the wife of Nicholas II, [9, p. 253], the textbook N.I. Pavlenko - Maria Ale-xandrovna, wife of Alexander II (13, p. 250).

Two of the Empress mentioned in the textbook of V.I. Buganova: wife of Paul I Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, and wife of Alexander II, Empress Maria Alexandrovna. Name Maria Alexan-drovna is adjacent to the name of the morganatic wife of Tsar-Liberator in the context of a story about the personal life of the latter: "After the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, he married on Princess E.M. Yuryevskaya" [3, p. 151, 277]. From the ladies of the royal family in the preparation of the Great Reforms of the king's aunt attended the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, which is ranked among the active supporters of the liberation of the peasants [1, p. 278, 13, p. 285].

More extensively written about in the book about Aleksandra Fedorovna in the book of A.A. Danilova, and others in the connection with the events of the First World War is referred to the work of the Empress and Princesses Olga and Tatiana in hospitals and hospital trains, strengthening the role of Alexandra Feodorovna in public decision-making. The authors do not hide the fact that she was not loved in Russia "... largely because they hated G.E. Rasputina" [5, p. 62, 67].It is a very narrow participation of the women in the social movements of the XIX century. There is not a single name of the famous philanthropists, references to the creation of the numerous women's organizations. On the women's participation in the "going to the people," they say, without names, and only one textbook [8, p.151]. Revolutionaries of the names of women who were part of the governing bodies of the revolutionary populist organizations (Zasulich, SL Perov-skoy) and distinguished personal involvement in terrorist acts or their organization. Reported attempted V. Zassulich in 1878 at the St. Petersburg mayor FF Trepova, highlights the role of SL Perovskaya in organizing attacks on the Emperor Alexander II. The successful assassination of Alexander II and the death of the emperor in a terrorist attack provided the posthumous "honor" the organizers of this event - Perovskoy whose name always appears in textbooks [1, p. 293, 3, p. 269, 272, 274, 278, 8, p. 151, 152, 156, 9, p. 166, 167, 11, p. 219]. Sometimes this person's name is added VN Figner (11, p. 221, 1, p. 292). Marked by the involvement of B. Zassulich in the first Marxist group "Emancipation of Labour" (10, p. 225, 11, p. 232, 3, p. 301, 12, p. 133), NK Krupskaya - in the leadership "of the Union the struggle for the emancipation of the working class "[3, p. 304].The largest number of the female names we can see in the sections devoted to the culture of the XIX century. Actress of the century, E.S. Semenov [8, p. 102], actress of the late XIX century. M.G. Savina [9, p. 228, 12, p. 168, 8, p. 198], Yermolova [9, p. 228, 12, p. 168, 10, p. 238, 11, p. 251, 1, p. 319, 3, p. 324, 8, p. 198], VF Komissarzhevskaia [9, p. 318, 8, p. 198], P.

Strepetova [9, p. 228 1,. 319, 3, p. 323, 8, p. 198], F. Kozlovsky [8, p. 198], the beginning of the XX century sculptor. A. S. Golubkina, dancer Anna Pavlova and Tamara Karsavina, world-famous silent movie Vera Cold [9, p. 318].

The last third of the XIX - early XX century marked the entry of the women in the various fields of the science. At this time, the first graduates of the foreign and domestic universities IVH declared themselves in the professional field. All of them remain in obscurity, except math S. Kovalevskaya received during the life of the recognition of the international professional community [9, p. 222].

XX - begining XXI

The number of women's names in the history books of the Fatherland XX century. decreases in inverse proportion to the growth of women's social activism. Seven women are mentioned in the textbook VA Shestakov, ten - in the textbook D. Danilov, DV Liseytseva, NS Pavlova, VA Rogozhkina. To explain this preponderance of interest in traditional political and military co-bytiyam impossible, as in the XX century. women are actively fighting for their rights and the rights of the people to join political parties and included in their governing bodies, along with the men carried the burdens of war in the rear and at the front. The most complete, compared to the others (and other periods), women represented in textbooks on the history of XX century. A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin, M. J. Brandt and textbook O.V. Volobueva, V.V. Zhuravlevoj, A.P. Nenarokova, A.T. Stepanischeva. But a number of topics are taboo for them.

The women's movement in the early XX., Through which women were enfranchised in 1917 and through which developed legislation for women and children who have not been reflected in any textbook, as well as family policy of the Soviet state, the work of women's departments in 19201930 - ies.

The women in politics at the early XX century represented only by the revolutionary trend: the leader of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries Maria Spiridonov, the leader of the Workers' Opposition "Alexandra Kollontai. Shows episodes connected with the policy of the Bolsheviks: Maria Spiridonov mentioned in connection with the armed incident in which SRs was captured by the chairman of the Cheka Dzerzhinsky. In response, the Bolsheviks arrested the leaders of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, led by M. Spiridonova [4, p. 82, 5, p. 98, 146, 4, p. 120, 121]. Alexandra Kollontai is presented as the leader of the Workers' Opposition ", which openly opposed the intervention of the party in all aspects of society and the state [5, p. 146]. EN Kuskova named a prominent figure in the Kadet party in the context of the story of the Bolshevik policy during the Civil War, that it had established jointly with NM Kishkin and SN Prokopovich "All-Russian Committee for Famine Relief" and the dissolution of his Bolsheviks [4, s. 112].Reflects the labor contribution of Soviet women in 1930-1940-ies., their participation in the Stakhanov movement (weavers E.V. and M.V. Vinogradova), called initiators important initiative in industry and in the countryside E.G. Baryshnikov E.M. Chuhnyuk, Angelina P. [5, p. 164, 7, p. 168, 170], contains the percentage of female labor in the economy - 57% [4, p. 167]. Not forgotten was the contribution to the victory of the creative intelligentsia, "activity which was filled with a high idea of defending the home- land": O. Bergholz [4, p. 185], performances in theaters in front of artistes A. Tarasova, A. Ya-blochkina, E. Gogoleva, performers lyrical songs K.Shulzhenko and L. Ruslanova [4, p. 185, 5, p. 180]. For the edification given destiny blokadnits T. Savichevoj, Helena Cochin.

Women in the culture of the XX century. - Is the poet Z.N.Gippius, M.I. Tsvetaeva, the star of the Silver Age poetry of Anna Akhmatova, soprano of the Bolshoi Theater is A.V. Nezhdanov, ballerina – A.T. Pavlova, silent film actress Vera Holodnaya, famous theater actress Knipper-Chekhov, O.N. Androvskaya, K. Elanskaya, AK Tarasova, Yermolova, actress and director of theater contemporary repertoire Komissarzhevskaya sculptor A.S. Golubkina , Soviet film actress Ladygina M.A, T.F. Makarova, L.P. Orlova, writer A. Barto and O. Forsch. [4. 59, 5, p. 22, 156, 180, 14, p. 59].

The complexity of the creative destiny of culture in the Soviet time is shown by the example of Anna Akhmatova and Marina Tsvetaeva. The communist ideology of art, creativity insistence put under party control led to a ban on a number of works. "Demonstration of execution" - characterized the Volobuev famous Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on August 14, 1946 "On the magazines" Zvezda "and" Leningrad "in which Akhmatova's poems have been criticized for lack of ideas and the spirit of decadence [4, p. 210, 6, p. 274]. Rehabilitation of the prisoners in Stalin's time, artists and writers, publishing previously banned poetry of Anna Akhmatova and Marina Tsvetaeva, a novel by Panova "Seasons" and others followed until the mid-1950s. [14. 263, 5, p. 272, 275].

Presentation of the history of the second half of XX century sketchy female names presented here preferences authors appear with greater force. Textbook AA Danilov, LG Kosulin, M. J. Brandt a lot of attention paid to the achievements of the national sport, and the characterization of cultural life. Among the illustrious winners Olympics athletes named: discus thrower N. Romashkova, sisters and I. T. Press, L. Latynina, a gymnast, skier L. LOA, tennesistka A. Kournikova, masters synchronized swimming Brusnikina Olga and Maria Kisileva, sprinter Irina Privalov, Anastasia Ermakova and Anastasia Davydova, champion in speed skating, Svetlana Zhurova, skater Tatiana Totmianina and Tatiana Navka, athlete Yelena Isinbayeva [5, p. 272, 350].

The spiritual life of Russia 1990 presented works of writers Z. Boguslawska, popular works of Tolstoy, T., L. Ulitskoj. In the repertoire of leading Russian orchestras included the works of S. Gubaidulina. Recognition and fame got an opera singer A. Borodin, ballet dancer W. Lopatkina, D. Vishneva [5, p. 340-341]. Name of French actress Marina Vlady remembered in the context of the story of Vladimir Vysotsky [6, p. 310].

Among the scientific intelligentsia of the 1960s that developed the theoretical basis of a fundamentally different economic mechanism, a control system, named economist T. Zaslavsky [14, p. 319, 5, p. 312]. Noted the establishment of the first Soviet open public association - an initiative of the protection of human rights in the USSR (1969), which also included N. Gorbanevskaya, human rights activist named LM Alekseev [4, p. 243, 6, p. 297]. Little information is contained on the first lady of the Soviet period, women of the Soviet elite, usually the negative facts of corrup- tion or permissiveness of the ruling elite. In this context, refers to the wife of the head of the Interior Ministry and Schelokova daughter of Leonid Brezhnev [6, p. 307].

The women in the government and policy in the second half of XX - beginning of XXI century remain unknown to the modern student. A teacher from Leningrad Nina Andreeva named as the author of the letter in defense of Stalin and Stalinism in the years of glasnost (1988) [5, p. 319]. Only one textbook among leaders of the interregional parliamentary group called the name of G. Starovojtovoj (1990s). [14, p. 331].

Conclusions:

Thus, presented an overview of school history textbooks demonstrates once again the model of historical knowledge, characterized by a clear gender asymmetry. The development of the women's studies who learned from oblivion many female names that have accumulated large concrete historical material, has not led to adequate representation of women at the level of general education courses in history.

In the academic literature is realized mainly macro-historical approach designed to present the story as a process of changes in the key areas of the society (economic, social, political, cultural). To a lesser extent reflected micro-history approaches that focus privacy - the main area where, until recently, women showed themselves. Personnel training literature – are mainly leaders of the political history, the heroes of military events, "creators" of science and the arts.

The stereotypes that determine the behavior and relationships in the community can not manifest itself in the social cognition. The structure of historical knowledge is built through the selection of facts, and this selection is characterized by a disregard for the most part of women's experience. It is not always possible to explain the lack of attention to micro-history, everyday life and private life. Gender inequality manifests itself in the value and cognitive structures [16, p. 30], which are also subjected to study.

As a rule, in the pages of the books featured representatives of the upper classes. Once at the top of the pyramid of power by virtue of the origin and occasion, they were closer to the first persons of the state. What do we know about their role in history? On the influence of the men involved in the political decisions, social events? What is signified by the term «women's power» - role in the economy, the impact on political decision-making, women's networks of influence, the influence of the change and transfer of new cultural patterns [22, p. 11] is outside of the school course.

Of course, in the pages of Russian history textbooks always present information about women of the ruler. By their estimation approach historians from different perspectives: in terms of ability or fitness to drive, and independence of its policy, contribute to the power of the Russian state, strengthening its prestige in the international arena. Score personality’s Russian queens and empresses, the assessment of their rule almost the same in today's textbooks.

Negative historians are the favorites to vliyaniiyu empresses. This is particularly true of Anna Ivanovna, to a lesser extent - Sophia and Elizabeth, Catherine II. The difference in the evaluation of the favorites and favorites essential. Favorite of the emperors - is the extra touches to portraits of public persons, clarifying their identity (where about them is mentioned, but not silent). Favorite of the Empress - an indicator of weakness, inadequacy of women to self-rule. The degree of negativity depends on an assessment of the individual favorite. Thus, the presence of unloved historians E. Biron next to Anna Ivanovna completely undermined its historical reputation.Women's history in Europe and America has moved further than Russia, and in their concrete historical research and theoretical reflection.

So, in the middle of the 1970s. objective to "restore the historical existence of women," write a special "women's history" was recognized as limited. The new trend of gender studies, history, gender relations with the central problem of the relation of private and public evolving since the 1980's. [22. 7]. There are proposals to revise the existing scheme, taking into account the historical periodization of the women's social experience and to offer a "new history" of history.

New guidelines for the present stage of the development of the historiography offer our the scientists, speaking for the creation of a "renewed social and cultural history", "rich social history, which is seeking to expand its substantive field to include all areas of interpersonal relations, both public and private," [22, p. 7, 17].

The ways to achieve this goal not imply mutual exclusion of women's history and gender mainstreaming as a new methodology of historical analysis. For the Russian historiography is still relevant and the first task. The emergence of general works on the history of women in Russia, similar to the six-volume edition of the history of European women "History of Women in the West," edited by Georges Duby, Michelle Perrot [21, p. 374-376], would be a step forward for approval according to the full stories of both sexes. But today, the story is hardly in need of a new periodization. Attempts to give a "new history" stories are good that once again emphasize the urgent need for the structure of the historical knowledge of the new concepts that reflect shifts, or the dynamics of the transformation of the social and cultural reality of the beautiful half of humanity.