Borrowed words in the Russian language: past and present

The article is dedicated to foreign borrowings in the Russian language. It examines certain periods of intensive borrowing and discusses speakers’ attitudes toward borrowed words and the criteria for the assimilation of words into the language (semantic necessity, euphony, and appropriateness of use). The article analyzes types of borrowing - direct and indirect (calquing) - as well as the processes of transformation and the conditions for borrowing (interaction between languages and society’s openness to adopting foreign words). It highlights the main types of errors in the use of borrowed words (orthoepic, orthographic, and semantic errors).