The importance of the proteomic composition of urine in urinary tract diseases. Literature review

Clinical proteomics is one of the directions of the development of methods of personalized medicine, since it takes part in revealing the biological markers of different diseases. The incorporation of immunoassays into the methods of clinical assessment has demonstrated that a series of urinary proteins may be used for the evaluation of the renal parenchyma, urinary tracts, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Mass-spectrometry is a new and one of the most powerful technologies used for the search for biomarkers, which can obtain information about hundreds of proteins simultaneously. Modern diagnostics of the changes in urinary protein composition using MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry is being successfully applied during the last years for the proteomic analysis of urine in patients under real or modelled conditions of space flight. A number of complications, which impede the progress of research, have been resolved. Sample preparation procedure has been developed; its preanalytical stage has been standardized for the use of urine as a clinical sample. A series of errors in the software, which impair valid interpretation of results, have been rectified. The development of requirements for the standardization of urine sampling conditions for quantitative proteomic analysis aimed at longitudal and groups studies. Proteomic analysis of urine claimed to be promising due to the possibility of the detection of new, reliable and specific urinary markers in patients with chronic renal diseases at the preliminary stages of their preclinical damage.