Analysis of modern materials and methods root canal obturation in veterinary dentistry

The aim of this paper is to systematize and provide an in-depth analysis of modern scientific concepts regarding root canal obturation methodology. In dentistry, there are such methods of root canal obturation as lateral condensation, vertical condensation (hot gutta-percha), Thermafil system, the single-pin technique (with bioceramic sealer Guttabond (VladMiVa, Russia); Dia-Root Bio Sealer (Diadent, Korea); Endoseal MTA (Geosoft, Israel). The mechanistic paradigm, focused on the maximum dense spatial filling, has been replaced by a biologically based model, where obturation acts not as an end in itself, but as a critically important element of a comprehensive treatment protocol. A key vector of development has become a move away from passive isolation to active interaction with periodontal tissues, which became possible due to revolutionary changes in materials science, primarily the introduction of bioceramic sealers based on calcium silicates that are hydrophilic, bioactive, have the ability to minimally expand and form a mineral bond with dentin. New materials have not negated the value of classical methods. Vertical condensation of heated gutta-percha and lateral compaction retain their place in the arsenal for solving specific problems, such as working with complex anatomy or extensive defects. Modern clinical logic lies not in searching for a universal “best” method, but in consciously choosing the optimal combination of technique, primary filler and sealer, adapted to specific anatomical conditions and clinical scenarios. The most important conclusion is the confirmation of the complete dependence of the obturation stage on the quality of all preceding treatment steps. The outcome of obturation is 100% determined by the accuracy of diagnosis, correct access, meticulous mechanical preparation, and the effectiveness of antimicrobial irrigation. Attempts to compensate for the deficiencies of disinfection with flawless obturation are doomed to long-term failure. Likewise, a perfectly sealed canal is meaningless without timely and hermetic coronal restoration, which provides protection against reinfection.