Aspects of linguoculturalogy in synonyms

Culture (from the Latin. "culture" - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, reverence) - a historically defined level of development of society and man, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material and spiritual values created by them. The concept of culture is used to characterize the material and spiritual level of development of certain historical epochs, socio-economic formations, specific societies, peoples and Nations (ancient culture, Mayan culture), as well as specific spheres of activity or life (culture of life or work). In a narrower sense, the term culture refers only to the sphere of spiritual life of people.

Initially, culture was understood solely as the impact of man on nature (cultivation of the land), as well as the training and education of man.

The next stage in changing the content of the concept covers the late Roman period and the beginning of the middle ages. During this period of time, a new set of meanings of the concept under study is formed, namely, a positive assessment of the urban way of social life, which passes into a new concept of "civilization". Culture in the understanding of that time period necessarily assumed signs of personal (primarily religious) perfection, without which a person could not be cultured and/or civilized.

Each human society has its own specific culture, or socio-cultural system, which to some extent coincides with other systems. Differences among sociocultural systems are related to physical conditions and resources, the range of opportunities inherent in various fields of activity, types of language, rituals and traditions, the manufacture and use of tools, and the degree of social development.

Studying small and large, traditional and modern societies, sociologists, cultural scientists, anthropologists, psychologists gradually identified certain elements that are necessarily present in every social culture.

Language, social values, social norms, traditions and rituals are the main and most stable elements of culture. Language is a system of signs and symbols with a special meaning. It occurs at a certain stage of the development of society.

Language also serves as a distributor (retransmitter) of culture.

And thus, based on the modern understanding of "culture", a new interdisciplinary direction in linguistics arises, which later became an independent discipline - linguoculturology. "Cultural linguistics (from lat. language + culture + logic) is a complex scientific discipline that studies the relationship and mutual influence of culture and language in its functioning and reflects this process as an integral structure in the unity of linguistic and non-linguistic (cultural content). It was formed in the late 60s and early 70s in order to provide a scientific basis for the introduction and activation of data about the country and culture of the language being studied.

The object of lingvoculturology is the study of the relationship and interaction of culture and language in the process of their functioning, and the subject is material and spiritual culture in its existence and functioning, created by man, i.e. all that makes up the language picture of the world. It is located in the circle of related Sciences: sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, linguistics, cultural studies. At the same time, linguoculturology, due to its integrative nature and striving for conclusions of a Lingvo - and ethno-cultural nature, according to one of its creators is able to define the General direction of research more clearly than other fundamental Sciences that study language and culture in their interaction: century as a language personality, language as the embodiment of cultural values, culture as the highest level of language, etc. The objects of research also include speech behavior, the interaction of religion and language, speech etiquette, and text as a unit of culture. In this regard, it is proposed to consider linguoculturology as a theoretical scientific discipline that studies the interaction of language and culture, while linguistics is interpreted as a practical educational discipline. However there is no consensus among methodists and linguists about the existence of fundamental differences between these disciplines.

In the context of cross-cultural communication, the specifics of thinking and the nature of perception of reality by representatives of different linguistic cultures can lead to an attempt to understand someone else's culture through their own, thereby provoking situations of misunderstanding.

The study of national specifics of semantics should be approached taking into account its species diversity. As for giving a national-cultural status to a particular language phenomenon, the statement is possible only under the mandatory condition of collecting additional evidence confirming the connection of these differences with specific phenomena of spiritual or artistic culture in each particular case. Below are excerpts from the author's articles, which indicate the following problems for solving them by linguoculturology.

The problem of synonymy of comparative constructions in linguistic research is currently in the focus of attention of many scientists-philologists and linguodidactics, since its study, without any doubt, brings us closer to solving the communicative and cognitive problem of the mechanism of choosing language units in the process of speech communication.

The relevance of the study of this problem is determined not only by the lack of study of synonymy of the considered units in linguistic science in General, but also by the need to identify synonymic and functional potentials of members of synonymic series with the meaning of comparison, along with the varieties of such series in different structural and multi-system languages. Despite the fact that these languages are completely different in genealogical, typological, content-structural, areal and functional classifications of languages, they still show identical, partially similar and contrasting phenomena at the level of syntax, word formation and sentence, as well as comparative construction.

Scientists have long been concerned with the status of comparative objects, their variability and synonymy, and their relationship to subordinate clauses. If complex sentences are usually considered to be poly-predicate units, then in comparative constructions there is a loss of the predicate in general. In modern textbooks and manuals, all comparative turns are considered as members of the sentence - circumstances. Meanwhile, there is an opposite tendency - all comparative turns are attributed to incomplete sentences as evidenced by the synonymy of incomplete adjectives with corresponding full ones.

This opinion, in our opinion, is scientifically justified, but it should be distinguished in the composition of comparative turns incomplete adjuncts, on the one hand, and comparative circumstances, on the other. However, this issue has not been studied in the Englishlanguage at all. Only in a comparative study with the Uzbek and English languages is it possible to establish similarities and differences in the synonymy of comparative constructions, with subsequent identification of its relationship to language universals.