Assessment of the reaction to the load of highly qualified Muay Thai athletes from the perspective of cardiometry and heart rate variability

Автор: Stepanov M.Yu., Jinisyan A.M., Shakhtarin K.S.

Статья в выпуске: 33, 2024 года.

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Heart rate variability, as a tool for assessing the functional state of an athlete, is widely used in sports practice, however, this method does not allow measuring the volumetric characteristics of hemodynamics and assessing the condition of the heart muscle. This article analyzes the assessment of the response to stress in highly qualified Muay Thai athletes from the perspective of heart rate variability and cardiometry.

Hrv - heart rate variability, tp - wave spectrum power, cardiometry, omega-c, cardiocode, muay thai

Короткий адрес: https://sciup.org/148329783

IDR: 148329783 | DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2024.33.7579

Текст научной статьи Assessment of the reaction to the load of highly qualified Muay Thai athletes from the perspective of cardiometry and heart rate variability

M.Yu. Stepanov, A.M. Jinisyan, K.S. Shakhtarin. Assessment of the reaction to the load of highly qualified muay thai athletes from the perspective of cardiometry and heart rate variability. Cardiometry; Issue No. 33; November 2024; p. 75-79; DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2024.33.7579; Available from: http://www.

The pre-competition stage of athletes’ training is a critically important period in which the state of physical and psychological readiness of an athlete is crucial for achieving high results [1]. Stress assessment helps coaches and specialists to adjust the training process, minimize the risks of overstrain and ensure the optimal condition of the athlete by the start of the competition.

The role of stress in the training of athletes has proven to be extremely important for sports. However, due to the widespread use of the concept of “stress”, it began to be applied to any form of body reactions, even those caused by weak stimuli. This has led to confusion and excessive popularization of the concept of stress [2,3].

At a time when the study of stress was gaining popularity, scientists L.H. Garkavi, E.B. Kvakina and M.A. Ukolova discovered and described the so-called antistress reactions. These reactions include a training reaction and an activation reaction, which, unlike stress, manifest themselves in response to adequate but not so strong stimuli. The training reaction develops when exposed to relatively weak factors, and the activation reaction develops when exposed to medium-strength factors. These antistress reactions have been evolutionarily entrenched as protective mechanisms of the body that promote normal functioning and maintain health without significant damage.

The studies of Garkavi, Kvakina and Ukolova allowed us to identify the training and activation reactions as separate physiological responses of the body, which differ both from the stress reaction and from each other. These studies have made a significant contribution to the understanding of adaptive mechanisms and the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, which was confirmed by the official recognition of their discoveries (discovery No. 158, 1975).

Knowledge of different types of adaptive reactions makes it possible to better understand complex processes during the preparation of athletes and find optimal loads to achieve their goals [2,3].

Various methods and tools are used to objectively assess the athlete’s condition and the level of stress loads:

- Questionnaires and questionnaires - for example, the Borg questionnaire for subjective assessment of load perception or Profile of Mood States (POMS) for assessment of emotional state.
- Cortisol and other biochemical markers - the level of cortisol (stress hormone) in the blood or saliva can indicate the level of stress in the body.

Issue 33. November 2024 | Cardiometry | 75

- The use of technologies that track physical activity parameters such as exercise, recovery and training effectiveness in the form of heart monitors and feedback simulators.
- Heart rate variability (HRV) - allows you to assess the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which is an indicator of stress.
- Phase analysis of the cardiac cycle allows you to evaluate the parameters of hemodynamics and metabolic parameters of the state of the heart muscle.

29.07 to 08.10.2024 under the guidance of the senior coach of the Russian national team, A.M. Jinisyan, at the recreation center SHK “Peschanoe”. The athletes’ response to stress in the form of 30 squats and after a training session was examined using HRV and cardi-ometry, and a correlation analysis was performed to identify the most significant correlations in these diagnostic approaches.

The need to coordinate the work of the scientific and methodological center for the training of national national teams in martial arts with a comprehensive scientific group is an important condition for effectively ensuring the preparation of athletes for competitions [5]. Scientific and methodological support plays a key role in successful training, and the assessment of the athlete’s condition at the pre-competition stage, with an emphasis on stress loads, becomes a determining factor in the quality of training. The coordination of the training support tools used with a comprehensive scientific group allows not only to promptly receive information about the athlete’s condition, but also to apply modern methods and tools for data analysis. This cooperation contributes to more accurate monitoring of the functional state of athletes, which allows coaches to make the necessary adjustments to the training process based on the information received. The use of programs such as Omega-C and Cardiocode makes it possible to manage stress loads in a timely manner, which reduces the risk of overtraining and injury, providing conditions for the maximum realization of athletic potential in competitions [4, 6].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the nature of the reaction of highly qualified Thai boxers to competitive stress from the perspective of cardiometry and heart rate variability.

METHODOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

To study the response to competitive stress from the perspective of heart rate variability, we used the hardware complex SPA Dynamics Omega-C, and a device for diagnosing the cardiovascular system “Cardiocode”, measuring hemodynamic parameters based on a phase analysis of the cardiac cycle.

The study was conducted on 10 highly qualified Muay Thai athletes in preparation for the World Championship. The training event was held from 76 | Cardiometry | Issue 33. November 2024

THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY AND THEIR DISCUSSION

The principle of indirect assessment of the type of adaptive response using an EC is an important tool for understanding the relationship between the work of the heart and the central nervous system (CNS). To assess the functional state by the method of heart rate variability (before and after exercise) with Omega-C diagnostic equipment, we identified the main design parameters: AC – adaptive capabilities; PS – psycho– emotional state; ES – energy supply; LF – level of fitness; AF – athletic form, IN – intensity index, PWS – power of the wave spectrum (table1).

Using the Cardiocode device, the metabolic parameters of the heart were evaluated: the content of oxygen O2, lactate La and creatine phosphate CPh in the heart muscle; the indicator of blood hemodynamics in the form of RV1 – the fraction of expulsion and AR – adaptive reaction (Table 1).

The assessment of the type of adaptive response (AR) is based on the analysis of the frequency spectrum of the electrocardiogram (EC), which reflects the work of the heart and can serve as an indicator of various types of adaptive reactions. The EC signal consists of many harmonics with frequencies from 1 to 24 Hz. The study considered five groups of harmonics: 0-2 Hz; 2-5 Hz; 5-12 Hz; 12-18 Hz; 18-24 Hz.

According to the results of the energy measurement, a corresponding graph is plotted in each of the five groups. The shape of this graph allows you to determine the type of adaptive response: 1. Stress. 2. Training. 3. Quiet activation. 4. Increased activation. 5. Reactivation.

Within the framework of the study, only three types of adaptive reactions were identified: ST stress, calm activation of CA and TR training. The initial state of athletes in the form of calm activation (CA) before exercise was found in 9 athletes, only Kirill Mamykin was in a state of stress (CT). It is interesting to note that despite the excellent HRV indicators, Kirill Mamykin had a very low ejection fraction (RV-1=17.8) after a training load, which was caused by a low volume entering the left ventricle into the atrial systole (-49.59 ml), which characterizes the contractile function of the atrium. Danil Chashchin (RV-1= 21.35) the low index of the ejection fraction is caused by a low volume (-5.5 ml) entering the ventricle during the phase of early diastole (low suction function) and a high volume (1.5 ml) flowing into the left ventricle into the atrial systole (atrial contractile function). Milena Didenko’s low (RV-1= 24.7) is caused by decreased coronary blood flow, which was noted on the rheogram. These athletes were asked to reduce their training load and were prescribed a course of vitamins, amino acids and min- erals (creatine phosphate monohydrate, L-carnitine, serotonin tryptophan, succinic acid).

The state of calm activation (CA) remained after 30 squats in 6 athletes, 3 athletes reacted to the squat in the form of stress (CT), Sofia Chechetkina showed the form of reaction - training (TR).

After training, 4 athletes showed the condition (CA), the condition (TR) was detected in 5 people, Matvey Shikhov after training He was noted to be in a state of stress (CT).

To obtain additional information about the current condition of athletes from the position of two diagnostic devices, a correlation analysis of two HRV and cardiometry methods was performed. This analysis showed reliable links between the metabolic param-

Table 1

Assessment of the reaction to the load of Muay Thai representatives by radiometry and heart rate variability

№	Name	Omega-S							Cardiocode
№	Name	AC, %	PS, %	ES, %	FL, %	AF, %	II, У-е.	PWS, мс²/Г	02	La	CPh	RV1	AR
1	Amonov Akobir	99	97	99	100	99	13	14239	0,8	3,7	3,04	78	CA
	30 squats								0,78	7,02	2,72	78	CT
	After loading	89	83	92	86	87	65,4	4882	0,81	4,55	2,74	57,8	CA
2	Kirill Mamykin	99	94	94	100	97	20,6	14117	0,67	4,66	6,81	64,7	CT
	30 squats								0,63	14,5	2,26	63,2	CT
	Alter loading	84	81	85	67	79	109,4	2630	0,93	4,14	1,35	17,8	TP
3	Mikhail Chashchin	98	96	99	93	96	56,6	5699	0,51	10,7	5,48	57,3	CA
	30 squats								0,5	16,5	2,13	46	CA
	Alter loading	55	65	72	16	52	359,9	915	0,53	18,2	1,99	21,4	CA
4	Milena Didenko	89	89	86	99	91	35,6	6473	0,73	5,35	3,01	64,1	CA
	30 squats								0,68	7,12	3,12	69,7	CA
	After loading	15	29	41	14	25	480,9	420	0,81	5,26	2,93	24,7	TP
5	Maxim Yusupov	67	71	82	98	79	38,1	5444	0,51	7,2	5,26	71	CA
	30 squats								0,51	8,08	3,47	68	CA
	After loading	33	31	35	20	30	274,3	620	0,56	7,67	1,87	41,4	TP
6	Giniatullina Arina	44	56	51	68	55	104,8	1516	0,8	5,07	20,5	65,5	CA
	30 squats								0,79	7,01	2,75	50,7	CA
	After loading	63	63	60	61	62	105,8	1896	0,79	5,3	7,77	56,2	CA
7	Shikhov Matvey	60	47	48	98	63	35,7	4414	0,46	7,49	15	73,8	CA
	30 squats								0,43	9,57	11	66,3	CT
	After loading	0	1	4	0	1	941,1	125	0,43	30,6	1,03	46	CT
8	Alexander Manoshin	94	86	83	100	91	32	5901	0,47	9,61	9,31	71,6	CA
	30 squats								0,49	10,2	11,3	65,5	CA
	After loading	48	43	57	31	45	199,1	1027	0,55	14,8	3,64	51,7	TP
9	Chechetina Solya	63	57	48	61	57	122,8	1599	0,68	4,37	5,83	47,3	CA
	30 squats								0,65	13,8	1,76	36,8	TP
	After loading	43	46	59	17	41	345,9	689	0,84	2,47	1,85	33,8	TP
10	Ivanov Mikhail	68	71	61	79	70	73,7	2979	0,6	47,3	4,17	66,8	CA
	30 squats								0,61	90,4	2,27	64,1	CA
	After loading	48	50	53	31	46	219,7	880	0,62	197	2,73	54,1	CA

Note: AB – adaptive capabilities; PS – psychoemotional state; EO – energy supply; TO – fitness level; SF – athletic form, IN – intensity index; TWS – power of the wave spectrum; O2 – oxygen content in the heart muscle; La – lactate content in the heart muscle; CPh – creatine phosphate content in the heart muscle; RV1 – exile faction; AR – adaptive reaction

eters of the state of the heart muscle and HRV, since the creatine phosphate content in the heart muscle directly depends on the level of fitness, the intensity index IN, the power of the TR wave spectrum, the RV1 ejection fraction and the adaptive reaction of the AP. The RV1 expulsion fraction indicator is an integral indicator of the efficiency of the heart showed 8

reliable links with AV adaptation to physical exertion, PS psychoemotional state, THEN the level of fitness, AF athletic form, IN intensity index, PWS wave spectrum power, CPh creatine phosphate, AR adaptive reserve. The power of the PWS wave spectrum directly depends on the content of CPh cretin phosphate and the expulsion fraction RV1 (Table 2).

Table 2

Evaluation of the correlation dependence of the response to stress in Muaythai representatives by cardiometry and heart rate variability

	AC,%	PS, %	ES, %	FL, %	AF, %	II, y.e.	PWS, мс²/Г ц	02	La	CPh	RV1	AR
AC	1,000	,966	,906	,869	,982	-,863	,950	,046	-,242	,371	,556 *	-,381
Sig. (2-tailed)		,000	,000	,000	,000	,000	,000	,847	,303	,107	,011	,097
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
PS	,966 **	1,000	,944 **	,817 **	,964 **	-,809 **	,912 **	,108	-,245	,300	,500 *	-,438
Sig. (2-tailed)	,000		,000	,000	,000	,000	,000	,650	,297	,199	,025	,053
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
ES	,906 **	,944 **	1,000	,707 **	,890 **	-,704 **	,834 **	,185	-,263	,135	,371	-,294
Sig. (2-tailed)	,000	,000		,000	,000	,001	,000	,436	,263	,569	,107	,209
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
FL	,869 **	,817 **	,707 **	1,000	,926 **	-,995 **	,966 **	-,079	-,229	,599 **	,834 **	-,425
Sig. (2-tailed)	,000	,000	,000		,000	,000	,000	,741	,331	,005	,000	,062
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
AF	,982 **	,964 **	,890 **	,926 **	1,000	-,922 **	,980 **	,041	-,275	,435	,645 **	-,424
Sig. (2-tailed)	,000	,000	,000	,000		,000	,000	,864	,240	,055	,002	,062
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
II	__** -,863	__** -,809	-,704	-,995	__** -,922	1,000	-,967	,072	,236	-,618	-,851	,432
Sig. (2-tailed)	,000	,000	,001	,000	,000		,000	,764	,316	,004	,000	,057
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
PWS	__** ,950	,912	,834	,966	__** ,980	-,967	1,000	-,029	-,253	,511 *	__** ,735	-,432
Sig. (2-tailed)	,000	,000	,000	,000	,000	,000		,902	,283	,021	,000	,057
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
0 2	,046	,108	,185	-,079	,041	,072	-,029	1,000	-,751 **	-,223	-,288	,104
Sig. (2-tailed)	,847	,650	,436	,741	,864	,764	,902		,000	,345	,219	,661
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
La	-,242	-,245	-,263	-,229	-,275	,236	-,253	-,751 **	1,000	-,039	,021	-,118
Sig. (2-tailed)	,303	,297	,263	,331	,240	,316	,283	,000		,870	,930	,621
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
CPh	,371	,300	,135	,599 **	,435	-,618 **	,511 *	-,223	-,039	1,000	,696 **	-,483 *
Sig. (2-tailed)	,107	,199	,569	,005	,055	,004	,021	,345	,870		,001	,031
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
RV1	,556 *	,500 *	,371	,834 **	,645 **	-,851 **	,735 **	-,288	,021	,696 **	1,000	-,528 *
Sig. (2-tailed)	,011	,025	,107	,000	,002	,000	,000	,219	,930	,001		,017
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
AR	-,381	-,438	-,294	-,425	-,424	,432	-,432	,104	-,118	-,483 *	-,528 *	1,000
Sig. (2-tailed)	,097	,053	,209	,062	,062	,057	,057	,661	,621	,031	,017
N	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20	20

Note: AB – adaptive capabilities; PS – psychoemotional state; EO – energy supply; FL – fitness level; SF – athletic form, IN – intensity index; TR – power of the wave spectrum; O2 – oxygen content in the heart muscle; La – lactate content in the heart muscle; CPh – creatine phosphate content in the heart muscle; RV1 – exile faction; AR – adaptive reaction

CONCLUSION

This article analyzes heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiometry as tools for assessing the functional state of highly qualified Muay Thai athletes in pre-competitive training. The results of the study confirm that the use of an integrated approach with a combination of HRV and cardiometry allows for a deeper assessment of the adaptive reactions of athletes to competitions, as well as the level of their physical and psycho-emotional state.

The study showed that most athletes were in a state of calm activation (CA) before exercise, which indicates good fitness and an adequate body response to physical exertion. However, the identification of stress cases in several subjects, for example, Kirill Mamykin, emphasizes the importance of monitoring stress reactions in order to avoid potential risks of overtraining and cardiovascular diseases.

The data obtained using Omega-C and Cardiocode devices demonstrated the relationship between metabolic parameters and HRV indicators, which opens up new horizons for understanding the mechanism of adaptation to physical exertion. Correlation analysis confirmed that the RV1 ejection fraction and creatine phosphate content in the heart muscle are important indicators of the effectiveness of the cardiovascular system and the level of fitness of athletes.

The results confirm the importance of a systematic approach to monitoring the condition of athletes during the preparation for competitions. Mikhail Ivanov and Milena Didenko took part in the World Championship. They both became winners, thereby pointing out the need to use modern technologies to quickly obtain up-to-date data. Effective stress management based on diagnostic results helps to improve athletic performance and minimize the risks associated with the training process.

Thus, the use of heart rate variability and cardiom-etry is a promising tool for optimizing the training of national national teams in martial arts, ensuring effective management of the training process and supporting athletes at the achieved level of high results in the international arena.

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