Binary opposition of the “self - other” as a cultural universality: philosophical origins, linguistic markers, and socio-economic manifestations

The article examines the opposition of the “Self - Other” as a cultural universality that permeates all spheres of public life. It serves as a foundational element for identity formation and interpersonal interactions, playing a crucial role in the perception of the surrounding world and the social order. The concepts of “Self” and “Other” within this opposition vary depending on cultural context, religious influences, ethnicity, and social norms, leading to disparate manifestations of this dichotomy across different societies. For instance, in individualistic cultures, the category of “Self” is often confined to close associates, whereas in collectivist cultures, it encompasses broader groups. The article also emphasizes how language reflects this opposition, where terms denoting “Self” carry positive connotations, while references to the “Other” are frequently imbued with negativity. This study argues that the identified binary opposition constitutes a cultural universality that facilitates an understanding of social reality and the mechanisms of interaction in modern society. Furthermore, its examination may assist in the future analysis of intercultural relations and conflicts.