Effect of Chlorpyrifos on the Kidney of Teleostfish

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide that contaminates aquatic ecosystems through agricultural runoff. Fish readily absorb CPF from water, making them vulnerable to its toxicity. The kidney, responsible for excretion and osmoregulation, is particularly sensitive to CPF exposure. Sub-lethal exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts biochemical parameters, and causes histopathological changes such as tubular degeneration, glomerular damage, and cellular necrosis. CPF also affects immune and stress-related gene expression in the head kidney. Therefore, kidney alterations in fish serve as reliable biomarkers of chlorpyrifos contamination in aquatic environments.