Forms of speech etiquette in the novels of Camilo Castelo Branco and their translation into Russian

The article examines 19th-century Portuguese speech etiquette and possible ways of translating it into Russian. The author bases the analysis on the novels of Portuguese prose writer Camilo Castelo Branco (1825-1890), whose works provide a broad reflection of the speech culture of 19th century society. The accurate reproduction of this speech etiquette is essential for both the realistic depiction of social organization and the characterization of literary figures. The analysis of politeness formulas used in classical literature is significant for studying Portuguese speech etiquette not only from a synchronic perspective but also from a diachronic one. Establishing correspondences between fixed politeness formulas in Russian and Portuguese is crucial for achieving greater equivalence in literary translation. Additionally, this topic is of interest from a psycho- and sociolinguistic standpoint, as it helps to better understand the evolution of societal worldviews.